Optional Cumuative Review

• Water can move quickly through the plasma membrane of some cells because


  It moves through aquaporin channel proteins
• In what way could a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the function of a protein?

  It might substitute a different amino acid in the active site.
• In an oxidation-reduction reaction, how is the reducing agent changed?

  It loses electrons and loses potential energy
• Which of the following membrane proteins tend to lack hydrophobic regions on their surfaces?

  Peripheral proteins
• Which of the following statements correctly describes a organism's genome?

  a complete set of all of an organism's genes.
• Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions (synthesis) and hydrolysis?

  Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
• Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?


  The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺ to the light reactions.
• Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

  nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
• Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely


  a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
• A covalent chemical bond is one in which


  Outer shell electrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both.
• Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in glycolysis?

  substrate-level phosphorylation
• In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found in a given DNA molecule?


  A + C = G + T
• Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria?


  Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
• In most plants the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are transported out of the leaves to the rest of the plant as which of the following molecules?


  sucrose, a disaccharide
• When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?

  The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
• Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties?

  One phenotype was completely dominant over another
• Which of the following characteristics is associated with cancer cells?


  They evade the normal controls that trigger programmed cell death.
• What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

  to serve as an acceptor for electrons and protons, forming water
• Which small-scale mutation would be most likely to have the least negative effect on the function of a protein?

  A base substitution
• Which of the following describes the result of transferring an electron from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom?

  The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.
• Where are ATP synthase complexes located in a plant cell?

  thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
• Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Protein modification and sorting
• Which of the following events occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

  Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
• Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest about the trait?

  that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait
• Where does glycolysis occur in animal cells?


  cytosol
• What is meant by the description

  "antiparallel" regarding the two strands of nucleic acids that make up DNA?

  The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
• Which of the following statements most accurately describes transformation in bacteria?

  Transformation is the assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
• One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called?


  Translocation
• Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?

  replication of chromosome/DNA replication
• Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?

  Pleiotrophy
• The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. Based on this information, one can logically assume which of the following statements to be correct?


  A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
• The chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily upon which of the following?

  the number electrons in the valence shell
• Which of the following statements correctly describes a monohybrid cross?


  A monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for one character.
• Which of the following statements correctly describes how the leading and the lagging strands of DNA formed during DNA replication differ?

  The lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together.
• A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It could be

  a plant but not an animal cell
• Based on the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following statements about membrane phospholipids is true?


  They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
• An ionic bond is formed by


  when atoms share electrons
• Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between the law

  of independent assortment and the law of segregation?

  The law of independent assortment explains the segregation of two or more genes relative to one another.
• Which of the following correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?

  rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
• Which of the following types of cells would be produced by meiosis?

  a haploid animal cell