SCHOOL READ & ADL DEV

• School Readiness


  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Functional Communication
  • Task Behavior and Behavior Regulation
  • Following Social Conventions and Rules
• Failure to develop attention may lead to delays in other areas
• Memory


  Linked to perceptual experiences and language development
• Functional Communication


  Development of language is the single most important functional achievement of pre-school years, crucial element for reading, writing, speaking
• Task Behavior and Behavior Regulation

  • Consistent and effective pacing all throughout the task
  • Remaining in designated area
  • Attending to directions
  • Listening in large groups
  • Receiving correction of errors
  • Accepting changes in routine
  • Refraining from provoking others
  • Using non-aggressive words and actions
• Following Social Conventions and Rules


  May manifest negativism and ambivalence, more compliant behavior at age 5, ability to ask permission, work cooperatively, and share materials
• ADL Development


  • Feeding
  • Dressing
  • Hand and Face Washing
  • Oral Hygiene
  • Bathing
  • Toilet Hygiene
• Feeding

  1. 2 Years Old: Holds spoon and bring it to mouth with forearm supinated

  2. 2.5-3 Years Old: Experiments with fork, uses straw, family style servings

  3. 3-4 Years Old: Uses fork and spoon
• Dressing

  1. 1 Year Old: Cooperates in dressing

  2. 1.5 Years Old: Takes off loose clothing, partially pulls shirt over head, unties shoes and takes off hat, unfastens large zippers, puts on hat

  3. 2 Years Old: Removes unfastened coat, purposefully removes shoes, helps pull down pants, finds armholes in shirt

  4. 2.5 Years Old: Removes pull-down pants with elastic waist bands, removes simple clothing, assists in putting on socks, puts on front-button type coat or shirt, unbuttons large buttons

  5. 3 Years Old: Puts on and takes off OTH shirt with some assistance, puts on shoes without fastening, puts socks with difficulty in heel positioning, independently pulls down pants or shorts, zips and unzips coat zipper, buttons large buttons

  6. 3.5 Years Old: Usually finds front of clothing, snaps or hooks clothing in front, unzips separating the zipper, puts on mittens, buttons series of 3-4 buttons, unbuckles shoes or belt, puts on boots, dresses with supervision

  7. 4 Years Old: Removes pullover garment independently, buckles belt or shoe, zips inserting the zipper, puts on pull-down pants or shorts, puts on socks with appropriate heel placement, puts on shoes with assistance in tying, consistently knows front and back

  8. 4.5 Years Old: Puts belt in loops

  9. 5 Years Old: Puts on pullover shirt correctly

  10. 5.5 Years Old: Closes back zipper

  11. 6 Years Old: Ties bow knot, ties hood strings, buttons back buttons, snaps back snaps, selects clothing appropriate for weather and specific activity
• Hand and Face Washing


  1. 2 Years Old: Can wash hands but needs assistance turning on the faucet and getting soap

  2. 4 Years Old: Washes hands and face unsupervised

  3. 5 Years Old: Scrubs fingernails and combs hair
• Oral Hygiene


  1. 2 Years Old: Infants allow their parents to brush their teeth, imitates parents in brushing teeth

  2. 3-5 Years Old: Brushes teeth with supervision

  3. 6 Years Old: Brushes teeth independently
• Bathing


  1. 2 Years Old: Shows interest in bathing by assisting in washing

  2. 4 Years Old: Washes and dries self with supervision
• Toilet Hygiene


  1. 2.5-3 Years Old: Daytime bladder and bowel control is attained, would be able to indicate their needs during the waking hours and lessen the accidents, may need assistance with difficult clothing and fasteners

  2. 5-6 Years Old: Anticipates immediate toilet needs during the day, completely care for themselves while toileting, night time bladder control is achieved
• Typically Developmental Sequence for Toileting


  • 2.5 Years Old: Regulated toileting with occasional daytime accidents, rarely has bowel accidents, tells someone they need to go to the bathroom, may need help in getting on toilet, wakes up dry at night, washes hands independently and wipes urine
  • 3 Years Old: Goes to bathroom independently, seats self on toilet, may need help wiping, may need help with fasteners
  • 4-5 Years Old: Independent in toileting
• Toilet Training is not introduced until: Child remains dry for 1 or more hours at a time, Child shows signs of full bladder or need to toilet, Child is at least 2 1/2 years old