Psy Ch 6-Personality, Motivation, Attitudes, and Disorders

• Personality

  Essentially the individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person
• Psychoanalytic Theory


  Personality (made up of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) is shaped by a person's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. These are derived from past experiences
• Sigmund Freud


  two instinctual drives motivate human behavior in classical psychoanalytic theory: libido and death instinct
• Libido


  life instinct, drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and pleasure. Commonly defined as sex drive
• Death Instinct


  Drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others
• Id (Freud)


  largely unconscious and is the source of energy and instincts. Ruled by the pleasure principle, seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure. Wants instant gratification. Young children function almost entirely from the Id
• Ego (Freud)


  Ruled by the reality principle, uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id. Tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the Id's desire for pleasure
• Superego (Freud)


  Inhibits the Id and influences the Ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals rather than just realistic goals; strives for a "higher purpose"

  makes judgements based of right and wrong and strives for perfection. Strives for psychological rewards such as feelings of pride and self-love
• Ego Defense Mechanisms

  Unconsciously deny or distort reality.

  8 common mechanism: repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement, rationalization, regression, sublimation
• Repression

  Lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
• Denial


  Forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
• Reaction Formation


  Expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling (such as hatred toward someone to whom one is sexually attracted)
• Projection


  Attributing one's own unacceptable thought or feelings to another person ("I'm not angry, you are")
• Displacement


  Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one
• Rationalization


  Explaining and intellectually justifying one's impulsive behaviors
• Regression


  Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior (sucking thumb)
• Sublimation

  Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art
• 5 Psychosexual Stages


  oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.

  Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and a person matures through each stage focusing on the body and sensual pleasure
• Oral Stage


  Birth to 1 year

  Child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing
• Anal Stage

  1-3 years

  Child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination
• Phallic Stage


  3-6 years

  Child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals. Child is sexually active at this stage to the opposite-sex parent and hostile towards the same-sex parent, who is seen as a rival
• Oedipus Complex


  Phallic Stage in a boy
• Electra Complex


  Phallic stage in girls
• Penis Envy


  Girls experience this during the phallic stage
• Latency Stage


  6-12 years

  Sexual interests subside and are replaced with interests in other areas such as school, friends and sports
• Genital Stage


  +12

  Begins in adolescence, when sexual themes resurface and a person's life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers
• Psychologically Fixated


  If parents either frustrate or overindulge the child's expression of sensual pleasure at a certain stage so that the child does not resolve that stage's developmental conflicts
• Erik Erikson


  Added social and interpersonal factors to Freud's theory of developmental stages
• Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

  Birth to 1 year (Oral phase)

  physical and emotional needs met. If not, they may mistrust the world and interpersonal realtionships
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erkison


  1-3 years (Anal)

  Explore, make mistakes, test limits. If not met, they will be dependent rather than autonomous
• Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

  3-6 years (Phallic)

  Make decisions. If not met, they may feel guilty taking initiative and instead allow others to choose
• Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)


  6-12 years (Latency)

  Gender-role identity, school success, attain personal goals, understand the world. If not met, they may not feel adequate
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)


  12-18 (Genital)

  Identity, goals, life meaning, limit-testing. If not met, they may develop role confusion
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)


  18-35 years (Genital)

  Form intimate relationships. If not met, may become isolated and alienated.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation


  35-60 years (Genital)

  Help next generation and resolve the difference between dreams and accomplishments. If not met, may become stufy in psychological stagnation
• Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)


  +60 years (Genital)

  Look back with no regrets and feel personal worth. If not met, they may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting
• Psychoanalytic Therapy


  Uses various methods to help a patient become aware of their unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties. Strengthen Ego

  Assumed Problem : unconscious forces and childhood experiences

  Therapy Goals : reduce anxiety through self-insight

  General Method : analysis and interpretation
• Humanistic Theory


  Focuses on healthy personality development. Humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will, rather than having their behavior determined by their early relationships
• Actualization Tendency


  An innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
• Self-Actualization

  Realizing their human potential, as long as no obstacles intervenes