Boyle's law and Charles' law

• Solids


  • More compact in nature
• Liquids


  • Particles slightly far apart compared to solids, take the shape of their container
• Gases

  • Particles very far apart, take up all the space in the container
• Properties of gases


  • Pressure (P)
  • Volume (V)
  • Temperature (T)
  • Amount (n)
• Pressure


  Force acting on a specific area
• Units of pressure


  • atm (atmosphere)
  • mmHg (millimeter mercury)
  • Torr
  • psi (pounds per square inch)
  • kPa (kilopascals)
• Volume


  Three-dimensional space occupied by a gas
• Units of volume


  • milliliters
  • liters
  • cubic meters
  • cubic centimeters
• Temperature


  Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
• Units of temperature


  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin
• Quantity


  Measured in moles, one mole is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 units of a substance
• Boyle's law relates pressure and volume at constant temperature and amount of substance
• Boyle's law


  Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature
• Volume increases


  Pressure decreases
• Volume decreases


  Pressure increases
• Demonstration of Boyle's law


  1. Put marshmallow in syringe

  2. Observe what happens when syringe is pushed (volume decreases, pressure increases)

  3. Observe what happens when syringe is released (volume increases, pressure decreases)
• Boyle's law formula


  P1 * V1 = P2 * V2
• A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 millimeter mercury, what is the volume when the pressure is increased to 120 millimeter mercury
• Solving Boyle's law problem


  1. Identify given values (P1, V1, P2, V2)

  2. Substitute values into Boyle's law formula

  3. Solve for V2
• Applications of Boyle's law


  • Action of a syringe
  • Chips bag at higher altitude
  • Breathing (diaphragm movement)
• Charles law relates volume and temperature at constant pressure
• Charles law


  Volume and temperature are directly proportional
• Volume increases


  Temperature increases
• Volume decreases


  Temperature decreases
• Charles law formula


  V1/T1 = V2/T2 (temperatures must be in Kelvin)
• AC range contains 56.11 milliliters of gas at 311 Kelvin, determine the volume at 400 Kelvin
• Solving Charles law problem


  1. Identify given values (V1, T1, T2)

  2. Substitute values into Charles law formula

  3. Solve for V2
• If a 540 ml nitrogen at 0 degree Celsius is heated to 100 degree Celsius, what will be the new volume
• Solving Charles law problem with temperature in Celsius


  1. Convert temperatures to Kelvin

  2. Substitute values into Charles law formula

  3. Solve for V2
• Applications of Charles law


  • Hot air balloon
  • Ping pong balls
  • Baking (bread, pastries)