JOINTS AND ARTICULATIONS

• Articulations

  Joints between bones that hold bones together while usually allowing some movement

  
• Articulations

  • Can be classified by degree of movement
  • Can be classified by structure of the joint

  
• Types of Joints (degree of movement)

  • Synarthrotic (immoveable, aka sutures)
  • Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
  • Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

  
• Types of Joints (According to Structure)

  • Fibrous Joint
  • Cartilaginous Joints
  • Synovial Joints

  
• Fibrous Joint


  Articular surface of both bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; immovable joint

  
• Cartilaginous Joints

  Articular surface joined by some kind of cartilage (eg. fibrous or hyaline) ; slightly movable

  
• Synovial Joints

  Articulation is surrounded by joint capsule and synovial membrane; freely movable
• Immovable or Fibrous joints


  • sutures
  • gomphoses
  • syndesmoses
• Slightly movable or Cartilaginous Joint


  • symphyses
  • synchondroses
• Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, which can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones)
• ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE


  • SCOLIOSIS (lateral curve in the spine)
  • KYPHOSIS (hunchback curve)
  • LORDOSIS (swayback in the lower region)
  • ANKYLOSIS (severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse)
• Blood vessels


  The body's highways that allow blood to flow quickly and efficiently from the heart to every region of the body and back again
• Blood vessels


  • The size of blood vessels corresponds with the amount of blood that passes through the vessel
  • Lumen is the hollow area found in all blood vessels through which blood is able to flow
  • Around the lumen is the wall of the vessel, which may be thin in the case of capillaries or very thick in the case of arteries
  • Endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines all blood vessels
• Major types of blood vessels

  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
• Naming of blood vessels


  Often named after either the region of the body through which they carry blood or for nearby structures
• Arteries


  • Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues
  • Branch into smaller and smaller arterioles as they carry blood farther from the heart and into organs
  • Face high levels of blood pressure as they carry blood being pushed from the heart under great force
  • Walls are thicker, more elastic, and more muscular than those of other vessels
  • Largest arteries contain a high percentage of elastic tissue that allows them to stretch and accommodate the pressure of the heart
  • Have three layers: Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia or externa
• Major arteries of the body

  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Aorta
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Innominate artery
  • Iliac arteries
  • Femoral arteries
• Arterioles


  • Narrower arteries that branch off from the ends of arteries and carry blood to capillaries
  • Face much lower blood pressures than arteries due to their greater number, decreased blood volume, and distance from the direct pressure of the heart
  • Have much thinner walls than those of arteries
  • Can use smooth muscle to control their aperture and regulate blood flow and blood pressure
• Capillaries


  • Small blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins
  • Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste to pass to and from cells via simple diffusion
  • At the end of the arterioles and the beginning of the capillaries, strong sphincters control blood flow into the tissues
  • Supply blood to the largest area despite being the smallest vessels
  • Capillary pressure is extremely low to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with body cells
• Veins


  • Blood vessels that take oxygen-poor blood towards the heart
  • Become larger as they get closer to the heart
  • Subjected to very low blood pressures, allowing their walls to be much thinner, less elastic, and less muscular than the walls of arteries
  • Rely on gravity, inertia, and the force of skeletal muscle contractions to help push blood back to the heart
  • Contain many one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing away from the heart
• Superficial venous insufficiency is caused by broken valves, which let blood clot in the veins, leading to an increase in pressure and making the veins seem like they are bulging outwards, while also causing pain and swelling which may appear as varicose veins
• Major veins in the body

  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary vein