UCSP FINALS EXAM

• Society


  Group of people that shares territory, interaction, and culture
• WEIRD PHENOMENA


  • Filipino social media phenomenon - Filipinos earned the title of “Social Networking Capital of the World.”
  • Filipino text messaging phenomenon - the art of texting provides Filipinos a convenient vehicle with which to express themselves
  • Aswang phenomenon - Filipinos equate aswang with the country’s social evils-more of a symbolic social evil which harms the people rather than a real monster.
• Branches of the government


  1. Legislative -responsible for making laws
  2. Executive -the one who implement the laws; responsible for the overall governance of the state
  3. Judiciary - the one who interpret the laws
• Reciprocity


  Transactions between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values of goods or services
• Types of reciprocity


  • Generalized reciprocity -a form of transaction which utilizes gestures that expresses personal relationships than economic transaction
  • Balanced reciprocity - the giver is expected to gain something in return
  • Negative reciprocity - practiced using deceiving ways to gain profit
• Examples of non-state institutions


  • Bank - place where people deposit or save their money
  • Corporation - legal unit that is distinct from its owners.
  • Cooperatives - jointly owned enterprises
  • Non-government organizations - organization which is independent of government involvement
• Types of society


  • Hunting & gathering - survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants
  • Pastoral - raised animals to provide milk, fur, and blood for protein.
  • Horticultural - rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants.
  • Agricultural - technological advances to cultivate crops; there’s an increase of food supply (small scale)
  • Industrial - technology and machinery to enable mass production (large scale)
  • Post-industrial - spread of computer technology
• Forms of education


  • Formal education - premises of the school; classroom setting with trained teachers non-teaching staff
  • Non-formal education - takes place outside of the formal educational classroom setting to develop the skills of the learners
  • Informal education - not studying in a school and do not use any particular learning method
• Roles of education


  • For a happy and stable life in the society
  • Makes you confident
  • Makes you self-dependent
  • Helps you understand the world
• Cultural relativism


  The practice that one must understood in the context of their locality; practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture
• Subculture


  Have a specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from dominant culture
• Subcultures


  • Emos
  • Hipsters
  • Hippies
  • Punks
• Enculturation


  Process of learning one's native culture
• Counter culture


  A group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms
• Counter cultures


  • Civil rights activists
  • Feminist groups
  • Environmental groups
• Social stratification


  A process of interaction or differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than others; division in society into different classes or layers
• Characteristics of social stratification


  • Social - biological traits do not determine social superiority and inferiority until they are socially recognized
  • Ancient - stratification on the basis of age, sex, physique, and economic position
  • Universal - higher castes and lower castes, found in all the communities around the globe
  • Diverse - societies around the globe have not been uniform
  • Consequential - members of a class have similar social chances but the social chances vary in every society.
• Types of social stratification

  • Slavery - ownership of people; the most closed system
  • Estate system - defined by control over land
  • Caste system - born into unequal groups depending on the status of their parents
  • Class system - form of stratification allows for much easier up or down-moving; far the most open
  • Classless system - some large nations have done their best to eliminate stratification
• Social mobility


  Ability to rise in rank or improve one's social status by gaining power, wealth and prestige
• Vertical mobility


  • Downward mobility - social status was downgraded because of unfortunate instances.
  • Upward mobility - one is able to upgrade, their social status or rise in rank.
• Horizontal mobility


  Happens when one's slight change in situations does not affect their social standing
• Types of symbols


  • Social
  • Cultural
  • Economic
  • Political
• Social inequality


  The state of unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities
• Social capital


  Refers to the connection of individuals within the society
• Political capital


  Refers to the trust, good will, and influence possessed by a political actor, such as politician
• Symbolic capital


  Refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of honor, prestige or recognition, or any other traits
• Government programs addressing inequalities


  • Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act - free tuition and exemption from other fees in State Universities and Colleges (SUC’s), Local Universities and Colleges (LUC’s) in the Philippines
  • Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD) - to give Filipino women a more active and participatory role in the development process
  • Magna Carta of Women - comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination
• Agents of socialization


  • Family - the first and the closest contact a child has since they were born.
  • Peers - social group of people of the same age group
  • School - develops an individual's knowledge, values, and skills to become productive member of a society.
  • Church - religious organizations are centered on religious belief system
  • Mass media - spreads cultures and knowledge across the world
• Context of socialization


  • Biological context - hormones encourage human to interact and socialize with other people
  • Psychological context - composed of emotional states and unconsciousness, cognitive theories of development, social and historical events, and social position as part of the context.
• Me


  Part of self-created through socialization
• I


  Part of self that reacted to the attitude of the others
• Id


  Pleasure and demands gratification
• Ego


  The decision-maker
• Types of sanctions


  • Formal positive - a reward given by an institution to encourage conformity.
  • Formal negative - a punishment by an institution to enforce conformity
  • Informal positive - a reward given by an individual/group that encouraging conformity.
  • Informal negative - a punishment given by an individual/group to coerce conformity.
• Ways to address social inequalities in local and national government


  • Through policy legislation - we have laws within the Philippines that advance the rights of women
  • Through promoting cultural transformations - the key to this will be to teach the public, both in formal settings such as schools as well as through well-known media.
• Ways to address global and international inequalities


  • Formation of regional groups - the countries started forming Regional Organizations to ensure mutual cooperation and economic development.
  • Entering into bilateral treaties and pacts - an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation
  • Recourse to international treaties and agreements - Set contracts on issues as varied as climate change, transnational crime, international development
• Social aggregate


  Individuals gather in the same place but not sharing similar characteristics
• William Ogburn


  Theory of cultural lag
• Social change


  Changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions
• Inclusive citizenship


  Refers to the legal status of an individual in a particular state that allows him or her to enjoy certain rights and protection