Cause-and-effect diagrams: using brainstorming techniques to populate a cause and effect diagram seeking all possible causes for our issue of concern. Each bone represents a possible source of error. Used to discover possible locations of quality problems. The 4 categorial causes: material, machinery, equipment, manpower/people, and method. Individual causes associated with each category are tied in as separate bones along that branch, often through a brainstorming process. Possibly quality problems and inspection points are highlighted.