Lecture 7

• convenience - reason why the natives settled in Spanish pueblos
• principalia - natives incentivized by the Spanish to accept colonial order
• annexation of the Philippines = civilizing mission guided by Christianity
• Two main reasons of the Spanish aims in Mindanao:

  1. to convert the natives
  2. to control the maritime trading routes
• Islam - religion of unconquered Mindanao
• Sulu Sea and Celebes Sea - location of maritime trading routes controlled by the Muslim Mindanao
• jihad - the concept of Islam allowing sultans to organize armies and target the Catholic Spanish and natives
• jihad = to struggle
• peace agreemens between Muslim Mindanao and Spain > prohibition of jihad practice
• juramentado - surprise attacks by Muslims
• kris - special kind of blade used by Muslims in juramentado
• Ygolotes - inhabitants of the Cordilleras
• gold - main reason for wanting to conquer the Cordilleras
• misiones vivas - strategy of assembling in Ilocos and establishing Spanish settlements at the foot of the mountains
• Reasons of failure to colonize the Cordilleras:

  1. topography
  2. tendency to relocate
  3. practice of headhunting
• Ilocano soldiers - sent by the Spanish aiming to conquer the cordilleras yet ineffective
• sending Ilocano soldiers > trading tobacco with Ygolotes
• sporadic revolts - means of expression of dissent and dissatisfaction of the natives to the Spanish colonial order
• Three main differences of sporadic revolts compared to Mindanao resistance

  1. poorly coordinated and confined to small areas
  2. intermittent and brief
  3. only directed against specific policies
• Four classifications of sporadic revolts according to motivation:

  1. political
  2. religious
  3. economic
  4. personal
• political revolts - launched by the former nobility wanting to regain power and influence
• Tagalog Revolt - political revolt led by Sulayman and Lakandula in Manila 1574
• Tagalog Revolt - defeated by Gov.-Gen. Guido de Lavezaris by bringing Mexican reinforcements
• Tondo Conspiracy - plan of overthrowing the Spanish by Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula) in Manila 1587
• Tondo Conspiracy - political revolt that seured assistance from nearby provinces and foreign groups like from the Bruneian Empire and Japan
• Tondo Conspiracy - failed since was revealed to authorities by Antonio Surabao
• religious sporadic revolts - usually spearheaded by the former babaylan or bayugin who lost followers due to Christian propagation
• Tamblot Revolt - religious revolt gatheirng 2K people (peasants) in Baclayon, Bohol 1621
• Pagali Revolt - uprising led by bayugin Pagali in Leyte 1621 influenced by the Tamblot revolt
• Pagali Revolt - defeated by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu by sending Cebuano soldiers
• Apolinario dela Cruz = Hermano Pule
• Hermano Pule - wanted to be a Dominican priest and was rejected
• Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt - revolt by Cofradia de San Jose, a group formed by Hermano Pule in Tayabas 1841
• Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt - religious revolt defeated by Manileno soldiers
• economic sporadic revolts - revolts motivated by harsh policies and forced labor
• Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt - economic revolt against the encomienda system in Ilocos 1762
• Diego Silang - a member of the principalia who wanted to abolish the encomienda system
• British Occupation - a colonization attempt coinciding with the Diego and Gabriela Silang revolt from 1762 to 1764
• Dawsonne Drake - a British Gov.-Gen. who promised Ilocano independence to Diego Silang
• taxing the principalia - what Diego Silang did after being proclaimed as the new alcalde mayor after driving the Spanish out of Vigan