Lecture 8

• King Charles II of Spain - a member of the Hapsburg dynasty who died without an heir in 1700
• War of the Spanish Succession - Philippe, Duke of Anjou VS Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Treaties of Utrecht - what ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1715
• Bourbon Dynasty - the dynasty that included Philippe, Duke of Anjou
• King Philip V of Spain - the name took by Philippe, Duke of Anjou after being the new Spanish King
• French Enlightenment - the historical period which the ideas and practices brought by King Philip V of Spain came from
• Four main things emphasized by the French Enlightenment:

  1. reason
  2. science
  3. economic development
  4. separation of Church and State
• Bourbon Reforms - the widespread political and economic changes initiated by King Philip V of Spain
• Jose Basco - the newly appointed, economic-minded, gov.-gen. when the Bourbon reforms reached the Philippines in the late 18th century
• Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais - a society tasked to make an assessment of the colony's economy formed by Jose Basco
• Two main points of assessment regarding the Galleon Trade from a report of a society formed by Basco:

  1. only a small merchant class was allowed to exist
  2. local industry is undeveloped due to preference for Chinese products
• Three actions done by the government as a response to the Galleon Trade assessment:

  1. invest in local agricultural products for export
  2. invite Chinese emigrants
  3. create a bigger merchant class
• Real Compañia de Filipinas - a company that organized a direct route to Spain through the Indian Ocean, formed by Jose Basco in 1785
• Real Compañia de Filipinas - a company that allowed the non-Spanish to trade, competing with the Galleon Trade, abolished by peninsulares and the Church in 1814
• Mexican War of Independence - reason why the Galleon Trade has to be shut down by 1815, losing situado
• port of Manila - a port partially opened after the Real Compania was abolished and the Galleon Trade has to be shut down
• Americans and British - foreign merchants in the late 1810s
• port of Manila - a port fully opened to world trade by 1834 along with provincial ports at Iloilo, Zamboanga, Sual, Cebu, Legazpi, and Tacloban
• cash crops - particular agricultural products commercialized after opening the country to world trade
• consulates - established in the country along with the influx of foreigners, which each foreign country has one
• cedula personal - replaced the encomienda system
• 15 days - shortened period for polo y servicios
• monocropping - assignment of one kind of crop to be grown in an area introduced by the Spanish
• hacenderos - wealthy owners of haciendas, after being sold by the friars
• inquilino system - system of managing the haciendas
• inquilino - managers of haciendas
• miscegenation = mixing of ethnicities, producing mestizos
• clase media - a distinct social class formed by the mestizos and the principalia
• bestias cargadas de oro - description of the clase media with comparable wealth to the Spanish
• Queen Isabella II - initiated the educational reforms across the Spanish Empire which helped the clase media
• Universidad de Santo Tomas - the most notable institution of higher learning that opened for the non-Spanish
• Three main programs the clase media enrolled in UST:

  1. medicine
  2. law
  3. priesthood
• Secularization - the process of transferring of control over the parishes to diocesans
• Fr. Pedro Pelaez - a Spanish mestizo priest that led the secular movement
• GomBurZa

  1. Fr. Mariano Gomez
  2. Fr. Jose Burgos
  3. Fr. Jacinto Zamora
• 181 - seculars, 611 - regulars (churches)
• Cavite Mutiny - a revolt that broke out on January 1872 at the height of the secularization issue
• Rafael Izquierdo - the governor-general that revoked the privileges of native soldiers trigerring a mutiny
• Fort San Felipe - the fort where Manileno and Caviteno soldiers planned to attack the Spanish
• St. Sebastian - the patron of the feast that had fireworks that misdirected the Caviteno soldiers