Motivation & Emotion

• Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/

  Singer and Schachter's Two Factor

  theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid

  
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization

  
  

  Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

  
• ventromedial hypothalamus


  stops the eating response; lets us know we are full

  
  

  if damaged, we would continue to eat

  
• lateral hypothamalus


  initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry

  
  

  if damaged, we would starve

  
• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon


  our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
• Binge-eating disorder


  significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

  
• Catharsis


  Emotional release

  
• Estrogen


  Female sex hormone

  
• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon


  The tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

  
• General adaptation syndrome (GAS)


  A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.

  
• Glucose

  A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

  
• Polygraph


  a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

  
• Sexual orientation


  an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

  
• Sexual response cycle


  the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

  
• Stress


  A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual

  
• Testosterone


  Male sex hormone
• Type A


  competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
• Type B


  easygoing, relaxed people
• Orexin

  hunger triggering hormone

  
• Obestatin


  hormone secreted after your stomach is full

  
• Overjustification Effect


  whent given too many rewards; your natural passion for anything will disappear

  
• motivation

  the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

  
• extrinsic motivation


  type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

  
• intrinsic motivation


  type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

  
• instincts


  the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

  
• instinct approach


  approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.

  
• need


  a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

  
• drive


  a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

  
• drive-reduction theory


  approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

  
• homeostasis


  the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

  
• arousal theory


  theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

  
• Yerkes-Dodson law (arousal needs)


  law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level

  
• incentives


  things that attract or lure people into action

  
• self-actualization


  according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

  
• weight set point


  the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

  
• basal metabolic rate (BMR)


  the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

  
• leptin


  a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
• anorexia nervosa


  a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

  
• bulimia nervosa


  a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

  
• emotion


  the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings