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• Community


  Social structures that exhibits and create norms and values that establish social institution
• Health


  A state of complete physical, mental and social being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Community Health


  Extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private sectors
• Community Health Nursing


  The utilization of the nursing process in the different levels of clientele-individuals, families, population groups and communities, concerned with the promotion of health, prevention of disease and disability and rehabilitation
• Community Health Nursing


  A special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of social assistance and functions as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the conditions in the social and physical environment, rehabilitation of illness and disability
• Community Health Nurse


  A learned practice discipline with the ultimate goal of contributing as individuals and in collaboration with others to the promotion of the client's optimum level of functioning through teaching and delivery of care
• Role and Responsibilities of Community Health Nurse


  • Programmer/Planner
  • Health Educator/Trainer Counsellor
  • Community Organizer
  • Coordinator of services
  • Provider of Nursing Care
  • Health Monitor
  • Researcher
  • Statistician
  • Change Agent
• Community Health Nurse


  • Main focus is health promotion
  • Generalists in terms of their practice through life's continuum
  • Provides continuous care until termination
• Core Values of a Community Health Nurse

  • Integrity
  • Professionalism
  • Competence
  • Commitment
  • Openness
  • Teamwork
  • Patriotism
• Integrity


  Care comes first, Communication is key, Confidentiality, Veracity, Accountability, Respect Dignity, Honesty and Integrity, Uphold reputation
• Professionalism


  High Standards of Care, Leadership
• Competence


  Conflict resolution, Ethical thinking, Adaptability
• Commitment


  Fidelity, Accountability
• Openness


  We want our community to have confidence in their local health services, We foster greater confidence and cooperation through open communication, Our performance is open to public scrutiny, We welcome and use feedback, We communicate clearly and with integrity
• Teamwork


  Collaboration, Cooperate with team members and respect their contributions, Team Leader
• Patriotism


  National pride, feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland and alliance with other citizens who share the same sentiment
• Culture


  Socially transmitted behavior, patterns, rules of conduct, arts, values, beliefs, custom, rituals, ways, and products of existence that guide the worldwide and decision making
• Leininger's Theory


  Major concepts are cultural diversity and goal of nursing is to provide patient with culturally specific nursing care
• Cultural Assessment

  1. Does the client identify strongly with a specific group or groups?

  2. What are the beliefs, customs, practices and rules that are most important to the client?

  3. How can the health care team support the client and plan of care that will address these needs? Are there special wishes/needs?

  4. Is the client part of a community, congregation, or extended family structure? Does this play an important part in his/her life?

  5. How do the identified culture(s) influence feelings about health and care?
• Diverse Cultures that might influence health care practices

  • Jehovah's Witness
  • Seventh-day Adventist
  • Hindus
  • Muslims
  • Roman Catholic
• Jehovah's Witness urge members to refuse blood transfusion, no blood donation, Prohibit consumption of pork, shellfish, alcohol coffee and tea
• Seventh-day Adventist prohibit consumption of beef (all meat and alcohol are avoided by the most devout)
• Hindus food is eaten with right hand (regarded as clean)
• Muslims prohibit consumption of pork and pork products and alcohol, Consumption of blood is forbidden, Bread is required with each meal, Food is eaten with the right hand, Beverages are not consumed until after the meal, Some Muslims do not mix hot and cold foods at the same time, Fasting as the start of a remedy, High concern for ingredients in mouthwash, non-home-prepared food medication, Special daily prayer times, Need basin of water to wash before praying, Bed or chair facing Mecca, Read or listen to the Qur'an, Death is God's will and foreordained, Death rituals include body washed three times by Muslim of the same gender and wrapped in white, Buried as soon as possible in brick-or cement grave with the body facing Mecca (no cremation and typically no autopsy)
• Roman Catholics have Anointing of the sick (last rites) for the seriously Ill, attending mass, praying the rosary and novena, expressing devotion
• High concern for ingredients

  In mouthwash, non-home-prepared food, medication (gelatin capsule derived from pig, insulin, etc.)
• Special daily prayer times


  • Need basin of water to wash before praying
  • Bed or chair facing Mecca
• Death is God's will and foreordained. The worldly life is preparation for eternal life.
• Death rituals


  1. Body washed three times by Muslim of the same gender

  2. Wrapped in white

  3. Buried as soon as possible in brick-or cement grave with the body facing Mecca (no cremation and typically no autopsy)
• Anointing of the sick (last rites)

  • For the seriously ill
  • Discusses God's grace
  • Brings physical and spiritual strength
• Catholic religious practices

  • Attending mass
  • Praying the rosary and novena
  • Expressing devotion to saints and the Virgin Mother
  • Receiving the sacraments and holy communion
  • Reconciliation
  • Anointing the sick
  • Observing religious holidays and rituals
  • Going on pilgrimages
• Filipino older adults' response to illness


  • Cope with illness with the help of family and friends, and by faith in God
  • Complete cure or even the slightest improvement in a malady or illness is viewed as a miracle
• Filipino families' influence on patients' health care decisions

  Patients subjugate personal needs and tend to go along with the demands of a more authoritative family figure in order to maintain group harmony
• Filipino older adults' health-seeking behaviors


  • Utilize traditional home remedies
  • Alternative or complementary means of treatment
  • Discuss concerns with trusted family member, friend, spiritual counselor or healer
  • Seek medical advice from family members or friends who are health professionals
• Indigenous traits common among elderly Filipino Americans when faced with illness related to mental conditions

  • Devastating shame (Hiya)
  • Sensitivity to criticism (Amor Propio)
• Coping styles common among elderly Filipino Americans in times of illness or crisis


  • Patience and Endurance (Tiyaga)
  • Flexibility (Lakas ng Loob)
  • Humor (Tatawanan ang Problema)
  • Fatalistic Resignation (Bahala Na)
  • Conceding to the wishes of the collective (Pakikisama)
• Smooth Interpersonal Relationships

  • A core value for every Filipino community
  • Involve a shared identity, engagement on an equal basis with others
• Leading causes of global deaths in 1997

  • Infectious and parasitic diseases (17.3 million)
  • Circulatory diseases (15.3 million)
  • Cancer (7.6 million)
  • Perinatal conditions (3.6 million)
• Infectious and parasitic diseases


  • Acute lower respiratory infections
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Diarrhea
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Malaria
• Circulatory diseases


  • Coronary heart disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Other heart diseases