ANA 111

• Visual: Human face, angularity, light and shade, complexity and curvature


  • Angles at the corners of eyes, dark-light contrast of the human eye, eyebrow particularly attractive
  • New-born find the human face fascinating
  • Mothers attract as much as possible interest to their faces
  • Caregiver interprets eye contact as a sign of interest or attention
  • Infants with congenital blindness or those who avoid eye contact (ASD) – more difficult for caregiver to relate the child
• INFANT DIRECTED SPEECH(IDS)


  IDS is marked by short utterances, a slowed speaking rate, longer pauses, higher absolute pitch and much more variability in pitch
• PURPOSE OF INFANT- DIRECTED SPEECH


  • To capture and maintain infant's attention
  • Simplified speech helps infants to learn language
  • Maternal modifications maintain a child's responsiveness at an optimum level
  • Maternal modifications maintain a conversation in
• Superior mediastinum


  The area behind the manubrium of the sternum
• Borders of the superior mediastinum

  • Anterior: manubrium of the sternum
  • Posterior: vertebral bodies of T1-4
  • Superior: superior thoracic aperture
  • Inferior: imaginary plane @ T4/5
  • Laterally: mediastinal part of parietal pleura
• Contents of the superior mediastinum

  • Sternohyoid muscle
  • Thymus
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
• Arteries in the superior mediastinum

  • Aortic arch
  • Left subclavian
• Veins and lymphatic vessels in the superior mediastinum

  • Thoracic duct
  • Brachiocephalic veins
• Nerves in the superior mediastinum

  • Vagus nerve
  • Cardiac nerve
  • Phrenic nerve
• Apex of the lungs

  Projects upwards, 2.5 cm above clavicle (transverse process of T1)
• Anterior border of the right lung

  • Extends from apex to sternoclavicular joint, to midline of sternal angle, downwards to xiphisternal joint
• Anterior border of the left lung

  • Extends from apex to sternoclavicular joint, to midline of sternal angle, turns back to reach 6th costal cartilage
• Inferior border of the lungs

  • Midclavicular line_ 6th rib
  • Midaxillary line_ 8th rib
  • Scapular line_ 10th rib
  • Adjacent to vertebral column _ 10th rib
• Posterior border of the lungs

  • Lines between C7 and T10
  • Oblique fissure_ from root of spine of scapula, spinous process T2, joins the 6th rib
  • Horizontal fissure_ right lung, midsternal line, 4th costal cartilage to oblique fissure
• Hilum


  Gateway to the lungs
• Structures entering the lungs at the root

  • Primary bronchus
  • 1 pulmonary artery
  • Bronchial artery and nerves
• Structures exiting the lungs at the root

  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • Bronchial veins
  • Lymphatic vessels
• Relationships of the root of the lung

  • Situated at T5-T7
  • Anterior_ phrenic nerve
  • Posterior_ vagus nerve
  • Inferior_ empty pulmonary ligament
• Impressions on the root of the lung

  • Diaphragm
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
• Structures at the root of the right and left lungs

  • Pulmonary artery_ superior most
  • Superior pulmonary vein_ inferiormost
  • Bronchus_ middle posterior boundary
• Nasal septum


  A thin wall of cartilage and bone that separates the two sides of the nasal passages
• Components of the nasal septum


  • Septal cartilage
  • Vomer
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Nasal bones
  • Frontal bone
  • Maxillary bones
  • Palatine bones
  • Sphenoid bones
• Palatoglossal arch


  Covers palatoglossal muscle (in the front, in the tonsils)
• Palatopharyngeal arch


  Covers palatopharyngeal muscle (in the backish, next to the uvula)
• Palatine tonsils


  Located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
• Calvarium


  The skull cap (cranium without the facial bones)
• Cranium


  The skull without the mandible