BIOMOLECULES

• BIOMOLECULES- ANY MOLECULES THAT ARE PRODUCED BY A LIVING ORGANISM, INCLLUDING LARGE MACROMOLECULES SUCH AS PROTEINS, POLYSACCHARIDES, LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
• CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMOLECULES

  • CARBOHYDRATES
  • PROTEINS
  • LIPIDS
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS
• TWO TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

  1.MICROMOLECULES

  • MINERALS
  • WATER
  • GASES
  • SUGAR
  • AMINO ACIDS
  • NUCLEOTIDES


  2.MACROMOLECULES

  • CARBOHYDRATES
  • LIPIDS
  • PROTEINS
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS
• CELLULAR ORGANISATION

  • ATOM
  • MOLECULE
  • MACROMOLECULE
  • ORGANELLE
  • CELL
  • TISSUE
  • ORGAN
  • ORGAN SYSTEM
  • ORGANISM
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • MOST COMMON BIOMOLECULE
  • PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE OF OUR BODY
  • FORMULA: (CH2O0)n WHERE N IS N IS THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES
  • FORMALLY KNOWN AS SACCHARIDES
  • FRENCH TERM HYDRANTE DE CARBONE
  • THE MAJOR ENERGY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE BODY
  • MAIN FUNCTION IS SUPLLY THE CELLS WITH INSTANT ENERGY
  • BUILDING BLOCK/MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDES
  • ELEMENTS:C-H-O
  • CLASSIFICATIONS

  1.MONOSACCHARIDES

  2.DISACCHAREDS

  3.POLYSACCHARIDES
• THE SAMALLEST FUNCTIONING UNIT OF BIOMOLECULE IS A MONOMER MONO MEANS ONE.

  PUT TWO MONOMERS TOGETHER YOU GET A DIMER DI MEANS TWO

  
  

  ONCE SEVERAL MONOMERS TOGETHER ARE PUT TOGETHER YOU GET A POOLYMER PPOLY MEANS MANY
• MONOSACCHARIDES

  FROM THE PERFIX MONO WICH MEANS ONE, MONOSACCHARIDES IS THE SIMPLEST SUGAR AND THE BASSIC SUBUNIT OF CARBOHYDRATE. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE WHITE SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

  THE MOST COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES ARE GLUCOSE

  (ALSO CALLED DEXTROSE), FRUCTOSE/LEVULOSE OR FRUIT SUGAR AND GALACTOSE (SUGAR IN MILK)

  
  

  C6 H12 O6
• DISACCHARIDES

  • CONSIST OF TWO MONOSACCHARIDES THAT ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED.

  THE SUGAR WE USE TO SWEETEN COFFEE IS A DISACCHARIDES, IT IS ALSO CALLED SUCROSE OR TABLE SUGAR.

  • ANOTHER IMPORTANT DISACCHARIDE IS LACTOSE OR MILK SUGAR .

  LACTOSE IS MADE UP OF SUGAR CALLED GALACTOSE AND GLUCOSE.

  • WHEN TWO GLUCOSE MOLECULES COMBINED MALTOSE IS FORMED.

  MALTOSE OR MALT SUGAR FOUND IN GERMINATING GRAINS
• POLYSACCHARIDES (GLYCANS)

  ARE POLYMERS CONTAINING NUMEROUS MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMERS

  THREE COMMOON POLYSACCHAIDES

  1.STARCH

  2.GLYCOGEN

  3.CELLULOSE
• STARCH

  IS THE CHIEF STORAGE FORM OF CARBOHYDRSTES IN PLANTS AND THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN HUMAN NUTRITION.

  A STARCH MOLECULE IS A POLYSACCHARIDE ASSEMBLED FROM THE SIMPLE SUGAR GLUCOSE.
• GLYCOGEN

  IS A POLYSACCHARIDE THAT IS SIMILAR TO STARCH BECAUSE IT IS ALSO COMPOSED OF ALPHA GLUCOSE UNIT, POLYSACCHARIDE THAT IS MADE BY ANIMALS.
• CELLULOSE

  THE GLUCOSE MOLECULES IN CELLULOSE CHAINS ARE ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY THAT HYDROGEN BONDS LINK HYDROXYL GROUPS OF ADJACENT GLUCOSE MOLECULES TOO FORM INSOLUBLE FIBROUS SHEETS.
• TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

  • IODINE TEST FOR STARCH
  • BENIDICTS TEST
• PROTEINS

  • FORMALLY KNOWN AS POLYPEPTIDES
  • PROTEINSNS ARE POLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDS
  • PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF THE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SULFUR
  • PROTEINS FUCTION AS: ENZYMES, PIGMENTS AND STEROID HORMONES
  • GENERAL FORMULA: RCH(NH2)COOH. R IS A SIDE CHAIN USUALLY AN AMINO ACIDS
  • ELEMENTS:C-H-O-N
  • ENZYMES
  • TEST FOR PROTEINS BIURET TEST
• AMINO ACIDS

  ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS.
• ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

  1. VALINE
  2. ISOLEUCINE
  3. LEUCINE
  4. LYSINE
  5. METHIONINE
  6. PHENYLALANINE
  7. THREONINE
  8. TRYPTOPHAN
  9. HISTIDINE

  NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

  1.ALANINE

  2.ASPARAGINE

  3.ASPARTATE

  CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS

  1. ARGININE
  2. GLUTAMINE
  3. TYROSINE
  4. CYSTEINE
  5. GLYCINE
  6. PROLINE
  7. SERINE
  8. ORNITHINE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

  • THESSE BIMOLECULE ARE NOT NECESSARILY FROM FOOD
  • BIMOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF HEREDITY MATERIALS AND ARE PRESENT IN DNA
  • BUILDING BLOCKS: NUCLEOTIDES
  • ELEMENTS:C-H-O-N-P
  • GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL AND COMPOSED OF RECURRING MONOMERIC UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES
• TWO KINDS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

  1.DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

  FOOUND MAINLY IN THE CELL NUCLEI CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINS FOR THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEINS

  2.RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)

  RNA IS FOUND IN MANY PLACES IN THE CELL AND CARRIES OUT THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS


  NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN, OCYGEN, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPORUS
• Lipids


  Are also energy-giving molecules, but they are commonly referred as the stored energy molecules
• Lipids


  • They store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
  • They provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants and animals
  • They are the chief concentrated storage form of energy forming about 3.5% of the cell content
  • They are hydrophobic or water tearing
• Fatty acids

  Building blocks of lipids
• General formula of fatty acids

  CH3(CH2)N COOH
• Lipids are composed of the elements C-H-O
• Functions of lipids

  • Storing energy
  • Waterproof barriers
  • Chemical messenger
  • Insulations
• Examples of lipids

  • Steroids
  • Cholesterol
  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Nuts
  • Waxes
• Lipids are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
• Common lipids

  • Fatty acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Steroids
• FATTY ACIDS ARE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (OR ORGANIC ACIDS).

  SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

  LACK OF CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BONDS INDICATE THAT THE FATTY ACID IS SATURATED.

  UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

  IS INDICATED WHEN A FATTY ACID HAS MORE THAN ONE DOUBLE BOND.
• THE MOST ABUNDUNT OF THE LIPIDS AREE THE FATS AND OILS, ALSO CALLED TRIGLYCERIDES.

  FATS

  PRODUCED ONLY BY ANIMALS

  OILS

  PRODUCED BY PLANTS
• TEST FOR LIPIDS

  • ETHANOL EMULSION TEST