ANAPHY LAB

• Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Provides shape & support
  • Helps you move
  • Protects organs
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores certain materials
• Skeletal System


  • Protects internal organs:
  • Skull protects the brain
  • Ribs protect the heart & lungs
  • Vertebrae protects the spinal cord
  • Femur produces blood cells in the leg
  • Humerus produces blood cells in the arm
• Organs of the Skeletal System


  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments

  
• Cartilage


  Connective tissue that is more flexible than bone, e.g. nose, tops of ears, ends of bones
• Ligaments


  Hold bones together to form joints
• Bone Marrow


  Soft connective tissue found in spaces in bone

  • Red marrow produces the body's blood cells
  • Yellow marrow stores fat (energy reserve)
• Functions of the Muscular System

  • Helps the body move

  Moves food through the digestive system

  Keeps the heart beating
• Muscle Action


  Involuntary muscle

  Voluntary muscles
• Types of Muscle Tissue


  • Skeletal

  Smooth

  Cardiac
• How muscles work
• Functions of the Integumentary System (Skin)


  • Covers and protects the body to prevent water loss and keep out foreign particles

  Keeps you in touch with the environment (nerve endings)

  Regulates your body temperature

  Gets rid of wastes (sweat/perspiration)
• Layers of the Skin

  • Epidermis - outermost layer, no nerves or blood vessels, surface made of dead cells

  Dermis - lower layer, contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs & oil glands

  
• Functions of the Nervous System


  • Receives information about what is happening inside & outside of the body

  Directs the way your body responds to this information (stimulus and response)

  Helps maintain homeostasis
• Organs of the Nervous System


  • Brain

  Nerves (neurons - nerve cells)

  Spinal Cord

  
• Parts of the Central Nervous System


  • Cerebrum

  Cerebellum

  Brainstem (medulla)

  
• Neurons


  Nerve cell that is specialized to transfer messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy (electrical messages are called impulses)
• Why the body needs oxygen
• Functions of the Respiratory System


  • Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body

  Removes carbon dioxide and water from the body
• Path of Air into the Body

  Nose

  Pharynx

  Trachea

  Bronchi

  Alveoli
• Diaphragm


  Large dome-shaped muscle used in breathing
• Structure of the Lungs
• Functions of the Circulatory System


  • Carries needed substances to cells and carries wastes away from cells
• Organs of the Circulatory System


  • Heart - hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

  Arteries - blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body parts

  Capillaries - small blood vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells (oxygen & carbon dioxide)

  Veins - carry oxygen-poor blood (with carbon dioxide) back to the heart (to be pumped out to the lungs)
• Components of Blood


  • Plasma - liquid part of blood

  Red blood cells - take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells

  White blood cells - the body's disease fighters (part of immune system)

  Platelets - cell fragments used in forming blood clots (that make scabs)
• Functions of the Digestive System

  • Breaks down food into molecules the body can use

  Molecules are absorbed into the blood & carried throughout the body (by the circulatory system)

  Wastes are eliminated from the body (by the excretory system)
• Roles of Digestive System Organs


  • Mouth - mechanical & chemical digestion starts here

  Esophagus - muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

  Stomach - most mechanical digestion takes place, some chemical with digestive juices

  Small Intestine - most of the chemical digestion takes place, absorption of nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream

  Large Intestine - water is absorbed into the bloodstream, remaining material is readied for elimination

  Rectum - waste material is compressed into solid form
• Path of Food through Digestive System


  Mouth

  Esophagus

  Stomach

  Small Intestine

  Large Intestine
• Functions of the Excretory System


  • Collects wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body
• Organs of the Excretory System

  • Kidneys - eliminate urea, excess water, & some other waste materials, filter wastes from the blood, produce urine

  Anus - removes solid wastes from digestive system

  Lungs - remove carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration

  Skin - removes perspiration (dissolved waste materials)
• Functions of the Immune System


  • Provides a barrier against pathogens (disease causing agents)

  Defends the body against pathogens
• Lines of Defense in the Immune System


  • First line of defense: barrier

  Second line of defense: inflammatory response

  Third line of defense: immune system targets specific pathogens
• First Line of Defense (Barriers)


  • Skin - chemicals in oil & sweat, pathogens fall off with dead skin cells

  Mucus & cilia - trap and remove pathogens that enter the respiratory system

  Sneezing & coughing - force pathogens out of the body

  Saliva - destructive chemicals
• Second Line of Defense


  Inflammatory response that uses phagocytes (white blood cells) to engulf & destroy the pathogen
• Third Line of Defense


  • B-cells - type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that produces chemicals called antibodies to destroy each kind of pathogen

  1. cells - identify pathogens & tell them apart using the pathogen's antigens (marker molecules)
• Preventing Infectious Disease


  • Active immunity - when our own immune system protects us from a pathogen

  Passive immunity - when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else