Gen bio

• Development

  Any structural, physiological, or behavioral changes an organism undergoes over its lifetime. The process of maturing from a fertilized egg to an adult organism.
• Haploid cells


  Cells that only have one set of chromosomes
• Diploid cells

  Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes
• Totipotent cells


  Cells that have the potential to become any cell in the body, commonly found in early-stage embryos
• Gametogenesis


  The process of forming gametes. Male gametes are called sperm, female gametes are called eggs. Sperm and eggs fuse during fertilization to create a zygote, which will eventually divide and differentiate into a fully formed organism.
• Cleavage

  The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions to form a blastula. The number of cells increases while the size of each cell decreases.
• Gastrulation


  The process of forming distinct layers of cells in the embryo. These layers will eventually differentiate into different organs and tissues.
• Organogenesis


  The cells differentiate into the various cells that form the different organs of the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, and other vital organs.
• Growth


  The organism begins to grow and mature, involving changes in size, shape, and behavior.
• Monozygotic twins


  Identical twins, formed when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos.
• Dizygotic twins


  Fraternal twins, formed when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm.
• Bladder


  A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body through the urethra.
• Sigmoid colon

  The S-shaped part of the large intestine that connects the descending colon to the rectum. It is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from fecal matter.
• Pubic bone


  A large, triangular bone located at the front of the pelvis. It helps to support the organs in the pelvic cavity and provides attachment points for various muscles.
• Suspensory ligament of penis

  A band of fibrous tissue that attaches the penis to the pubic bone. It helps to support the weight of the penis.
• Rectum


  The last part of the large intestine that connects to the anus. It is responsible for the temporary storage of fecal matter before it is eliminated from the body.
• Puboprostatic ligament


  A band of connective tissue that attaches the pubic bone to the prostate gland in males. It helps to support the prostate gland.
• Perineal membrane


  A layer of fibrous tissue that spans the area between the pubic bone and the coccyx. It provides attachment points for various muscles and helps to support the pelvic organs.
• External urethral sphincter


  A ring-like muscle that surrounds the urethra in males and females. It helps to control the flow of urine out of the body.
• Penis


  A male reproductive organ that is responsible for sexual function and urination. It consists of three parts: the root, the body, and the glans.
• Corpus cavernosum


  A pair of sponge-like erectile tissue structures that run the length of the penis. They become engorged with blood during sexual arousal, causing an erection.
• Glans penis

  The rounded tip of the penis. It is highly sensitive and is an important part of sexual function.
• Foreskin

  A retractable piece of skin that covers the glans penis in males who have not been circumcised. It provides protection and lubrication for the glans.
• Urethral opening


  The external opening of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
• Seminal vesicle


  A pair of glands that secrete fluid that makes up a significant portion of semen. This fluid helps to nourish and protect sperm.
• Ejaculatory duct


  A pair of ducts that connect the seminal vesicles to the urethra. They are responsible for transporting semen during ejaculation.
• Prostate gland


  A glandular organ that is part of the male reproductive system. It produces fluid that helps to nourish and protect sperm.
• Cowper's gland

  A pair of glands located beneath the prostate gland in males. They secrete fluid that helps to neutralize acidity in the urethra and lubricate the urethral opening during sexual arousal.
• Anus

  The external opening at the end of the rectum. It is responsible for the elimination of fecal matter from the body.
• Vas deferens

  A long, muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts.
• Epididymis


  A coiled tube that is attached to the testes. It is responsible for the maturation and storage of sperm before they are ejaculated.
• Testes


  A pair of oval-shaped glands that hang inside the scrotum. They are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
• Scrotum

  A pouch of skin that contains the testicles. It's located behind the penis and in front of the anus. The scrotum is made up of layers of skin and muscle that help to protect the testicles and regulate their temperature.
• Key parts of the female reproductive system

  • Uterine tube
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Vesicouterine pouch
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Labium minus/majus
  • Rectouterine pouch
  • Fornix
  • Cervix
  • Greater vestibular gland
• Follicular Phase

  Follicles in the ovaries begin to mature and thicken the uterine lining. Marked by the secretion of FSH and LH, which stimulate the growth of oocytes.
• Menstrual Phase

  Also known as the "period", corresponds to the early part of the follicular phase when the endometrium degenerates and sloughs off, producing the menstrual discharge.
• Proliferative Phase

  Corresponds to the latter part of the follicular phase when the endometrium heals and begins to thickening as a consequence of estrogen secretion.
• Luteal Phase


  The corpus luteum forms from the remains of the follicle and produces progesterone to stimulate the uterus for final maturational changes.
• Secretory Phase


  Corresponds to the luteal phase; the endometrium undergoes final changes before it receives the embryo during implantation.
• Ovarian Cycle


  The series of events that occur in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle, involving the development and maturation of a follicle, ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum.