Biochemistry Laboratory Exam

• Kidney 


  For excretion of waste in the form of urine
• kidney 


  regulates blood pressure and pressure through production of urine
• water 


  main component of water
• kidney


  functions for regulation of major ions in the body
• Kidney


  Regulation of extra cellular fluid pH
• erythropoietin 


  regulation of red blood cells synthesis through hormonal control with the hormone _____
• kidney 


  for regulation of vitamin d synthesis
• urinalysis 


  a poor man’s kidney biopsy
• 30-60 ml


  how many ml needed in urine collection
• midstream

  when should we take urine sample
• 1


  within how many hour should the urine be taken to the laboratory
• physical examination 


  examination in the urine that analyzes the color, turbidity, and consistency
• microscopic examination 


  inspection of the urine sample under the microscope for cells in the urine
• chemical examination 


  in this examination of urine, the urine sample is tested for presence of certain chemical substituents
• water

  ammonia &organic compounds (urea, uric acid)

  proteins from pathogens and drugs

  ions (H, Na, K, Ca, Cl, PO4, SO4)

  components of urine
• serum proteins

  glucose

  ketones

  bicarbonate ions

  Oxalate ions 


  Substances not normally found in the urine
• 6


  usual pH of urine
• light yellow 


  color of urine
• odorless or slightly pungent 


  odor of urine
• no cloudiness 


  clarity of urine
• 4.5-8


  sometimes pH can range from?
• dehydration 


  dark urine indicates?
• Hematuria


  Red urine indicates?
• muscle breakdown 


  orange or tea colored urine indicates?
• liver disease 


  tea colored urine indicates?
• Infection 


  Cloudy urine indicates?
• proteinuria

  very foamy urine indicates?
• RBCs, WBCs, bacteria 


  presence of these in the urine causes cloudiness that may require attention
• biuret test 


  test for protein
• albumin 


  standard for biuret test
• blue-violet 


  color for biuret test
• proteinuria

  elevated urine protein
• true


  albumin should not be able to pass the kidney because it is too big and may indicate problems
• urine albumin test 


  more sensitive test for small amounts of urine albumin
• Benedict’s test 


  test for reducing sugars
• Glucose 


  Standard of benedict‘s test
• brick red precipitate 


  positive result for benedict’s test
• true 


  no glucose should be present in the urine
• glucosuria


  presence of glucose because of either excessive high glucose level in the blood or a reduction in the renal threshold
• Acetone

  Standard for ketone bodies