ENG REV

• Research

  An organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions
• Research paper


  A piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and arguments based on in-depth independent research
• Abstract


  A short summary of your completed research, intended to describe your work without going into detail, and should be self-contained and concise
• Introduction


  The next part after the title and abstract, it leads the reader from a general subject to a particular topic of inquiry, and establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted
• Literature review


  Provides an overview of sources you have explored including books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study
• Hypothesis


  A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research, commonly known as the researcher's intellectual guess or wild guess about the possible result of the study
• Methodology


  The systematic method to resolve a research problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusions about research data
• Population


  The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about, it doesn't always refer to people but can mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study
• Sample


  A smaller part or subgroup of the population, the specific group within a population that you will collect data from
• Reasons for sampling

  • Necessity
  • Practicality
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Manageability
• Categories of sample

  • Respondents
  • Participants
  • Subjects
• Variable


  Any factor, trait, or condition that can be manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an experiment. Independent variables are changed or manipulated, dependent variables are the ones being tested and measured.
• Instrument


  Any tool you may use to collect or obtain data, measure data, and analyze data that is relevant to the subject of your research
• Questionnaire


  The main instrument for collecting data in survey research, a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme in order to collect individual data about 1 or more specific topics
• Data


  Any information that has been collected, generated, or created to validate original research findings, can be numerical values, physical research materials, or other forms
• Results


  The section of a research paper that presents the data collected during the study, also called findings
• Discussion


  Interprets and describes the significance of the findings, explains any new understanding or insights that emerged as a result of the study
• Conclusion


  Where the researcher wraps up their ideas and leaves the reader with a strong final impression, synthesizing key points rather than just summarizing
• Appendix


  The section in a research paper where additional materials are included to clarify the research, but do not belong in the main text
• Types of research based on application

  • Pure research
  • Applied research
• Types of research based on information/data needed

  • Quantitative research
  • Qualitative research
• Qualitative research techniques/tools

  • Interviews
  • Focus groups
  • Observations
  • Document analysis
  • Oral history/life stories
• Characteristics of qualitative research

  • Conducted in a systematic and rigorous way
  • Follows an iterative process
  • Focuses on gathering data from people who can provide the richest insights
  • Collection of data is continuous until saturation
  • Examines everyday life in its natural context
• Common types of qualitative research

  • Phenomenological study
  • Ethnographic study
  • Historical study
  • Case study
  • Grounded theory study
  • Narrative analysis
  • Critical qualitative research
  • Postmodern research
  • Basic interpretative qualitative study
• Types of research based on purpose

  • Descriptive research
  • Correlational research
  • Explanatory research
  • Exploratory research
  • Action research
• Types of research based on areas of interest

  • Science research
  • Research in humanities
  • Arts-based research
  • Sports research
  • Mathematics research
  • Agricultural research
  • Fisheries research
  • Information and communication technology research
  • Business research
  • Social science research
• Ethical codes and policies for research

  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Openness
  • Respect for intellectual property
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible publication
  • Respect for colleagues
  • Social responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Competence
  • Legality
• Rights of research participants

  • Voluntary participation
  • Informed consent
  • Risk of harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Anonymity
• Major parts of a research paper

  • Preliminary parts
  • Body of the thesis
  • End matters
• Characteristics of a research title


  • Summarizes the main idea of the paper
  • Is a concise statement of the topic
  • Includes major variables
  • Shows the relationship of the main variable under study
  • Includes the major task of the researcher
  • Mentions the participants and setting in general
• Basic parts of a research title

  • Research goal or result
  • Research variables
  • Research locale
• Background of the study


  The first section of a research paper that gives context surrounding the research topic, explaining where the research journey started, why the researcher got interested in the topic, and how the research question was developed
• Statement of the problem


  A research problem statement
• Research Title


  Mentions the participants and setting in general
• Basic Parts of a Research Title

  • Research Goal or Result
  • Research Variables
  • Research Locale
• Body of the Thesis

  • Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background
  • Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
  • Chapter III: Methodology of the Study
  • Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
  • Chapter V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
• Background of the Study


  The first section of a research paper and gives context surrounding the research topic
• Statement of the Problem


  A clear, concise, and specific statement that describes the issue or problem that the research project addresses
• Elements of a Research Problem Statement

  • Specific problem or issue
  • Research Questions
  • Research Objectives
• Significance of the Study


  The importance and contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a research field