chemistry - unit 8

• reaction rate

  the speed at which the reaction occurs
• temperature

  increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles
• reacting particles

  collide more frequently in higher temperatures
• surface area

  when there is more surface area, more molecules can collide more frequently which increases the reaction rate
• concentration

  when reactant concentrations are increased, more molecules can collide more frequently which increases the reaction rate
• connection to ocean acidification

  higher CO2 concentration in the atmosphere leads to more CO2 being absorbed by the ocean
• more acidic products can be made from

  CO2+H2O reaction
• forward reaction


  H2(g)+l2(g) -> 2Hl(g)
• reverse reaction


  2Hl(g) -> H2(g)+l2(g)
• initially, only the forward reaction occurs because

  there are no starting products
• the forward reaction gets slower while

  the reverse reaction gets faster
• at equilibrium

  the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
• la chatelier's principle

  when a change is made to the system in equilibrium, it will shift in the direction that will reduce the effect of the change
• temperature (exothermic)

  heat is the product of the reaction
• temperature (endothermic)

  heat is the reactant
• an increase in temperature of exothermic reaction will

  shift equilibrium away from products towards reactants
• an increase in temperature of endothermic reaction will

  shift the equilibrium away from reactants towards the products
• cooling

  taken away goes towards the side where heat is on
• pressure/volume

  are inversely related
• total moles of gas

  the sum of any gaseous molecules on one side of chemical equation
• decreasing the volume will

  shift the equilibrium towards the side of the reaction with less moles of gas
• acid molecules

  donate proton (H+) & start with H in the reactant and lose it in the reaction
• conjugate acids

  after a base reacts, it becomes a conjugate acid & needs to react as an acid to back into the main base
• conjugate bases

  after an acid reacts, it becomes a conjugate base & needs to react as a base to turn back into the main acid