SKELETAL

• Skeleton


  Derived from a Greek word meaning dried
• Despite the concept of the skeleton as dry and nonliving, the skeletal system actually consists of dynamic, living tissues that are capable of: growth, detect pain stimuli, adapt to stress and undergo repair after injury
• Components of the skeletal system


  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
• Skeletal system


  • Provides support and protection
  • Allows body movements
  • Stores minerals and fats
  • Serves as the site of blood cell production
• Functions of the skeletal system


  • Support and protection
  • Allows body movements
  • Stores minerals and fats
  • Serves as the site of blood cell production
• Types of bones


  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid
• Long bones

  • Longer than they are wide
  • Most bones of Upper Limbs and Lower Limbs
  • Movement and Support
• Short bones


  • Broader than long
  • Cube-like shape
  • Provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion
• Flat bones


  • Thin flattened shape
  • Points of attachment for muscles
  • Protector of internal organs
• Irregular bones


  • Complex shape
  • Protect internal organs, movement, and support
• Sesamoid bones


  • Small and Round
  • Protect tendons from excessive force
  • Allow effective muscle action
• Parts of a long bone


  • Diaphysis - central shaft
  • Epiphysis - two ends
  • Articular cartilage - covers the ends of epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) - site of growth in bone length
  • Epiphyseal line - when growth in bone length of epiphyseal plate stops
• Types of bone marrow


  • Yellow marrow - made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells
  • Red marrow - consists of blood forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults
• Types of bone


  • Compact bone (cortical bones)
  • Cancellous bone
• Compact bone


  • Mostly solid matrix and cells
  • Forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body
  • Provide strength and protection to bones
• Cancellous bone


  • Consist of a lacy network of bone with many small, marrow- filled spaces
  • Provide greater strength and rigidity
• Segments of the skeletal system


  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• Axial skeleton


  • Protecting the delicate organs in the body
• Components of the axial skeleton


  • Skull (cranium & Face)
  • Vertebral Column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
• Bones of the cranium


  • 1 frontal bone
  • 2 parietal bones
  • 2 temporal bones
  • 1 occipital bone
  • 1 sphenoid bone
  • 1 ethmoid bone
• Bones of the face


  • 2 zygomatic or cheek bones
  • 1 maxilla (originated as 2)
  • 2 nasal bones
  • 2 lacrimal bones
  • 1 vomer
  • 2 palatine bones
  • 2 inferior nasal conchae or tubinated bones
  • 1 mandible (originated as 2)
• Components of the vertebral column


  • 33 movable, irregular bones
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 Sacrum (fused)
  • 1 coccyx (fused)
• Components of the thoracic cage


  • 1 sternum
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Components of the shoulder girdle and upper limb


  • 1 scapula & clavicle for each shoulder girdle
  • 1 humerus
  • 1 radius
  • 1 ulna
  • 8 carpal bones
  • 5 metacarpal bones
  • 14 phalanges
• Clavicle


  • The bone that connects the sternum to the shoulder
• Scapula


  • Also known as the shoulder blade, bone that connects the humerus
• Humerus


  • Bone of the upper arm
  • Greater & lesser tubercles
  • Bicipital grove or intertubercular sulcus
  • Articulates with radius & ulna
• Radius


  • One of the two large bones of the forearm
• Ulna


  • Longer than the radius
• Radius & Ulna


  • With humerus to form elbow joint
  • With carpals to form wrist joint
  • With each other - superior & inferior radioulnar joint
• Components of the pelvic girdle and lower limb

  • 2 innominate bones & 1 sacrum
  • 1 femur
  • 1 tibia
  • 1 fibula
  • 1 patella
  • 7 tarsal bones
  • 5 metatarsal bones
  • 14 phalanges
• Femur


  • The longest and strongest bone of the body, ability to stand and move
• Tibia


  • Larger bone, thicker than fibula
• Fibula


  • Smaller and long bone in the lower extremity that positioned on the lateral side of the tibia
• Patella


  • A small triangular bone that rests on the front of knee
• Innominate or hip bone


  • Ilium - represents the iliac crest, ant superior iliac spine - ant portion
  • Pubis - ant part of bone, pubis symphysis
  • Ischium - inf & post part
  • Acetabulum - union of the 3 parts
• Joints


  Formed when two bones meet to allow movement
• Gliding joint


  • A synovial joint built between two bones that meet on flat articular surface allowing sliding or gliding motion
• Hinge joint


  • Type of joint that function much like the hinge on a door, allowing bones to move in one direction back and forth with limited motion along other planes
• Ball and socket joint


  • Enable bones to move freely in all directions