Rph

• Henri Bergson: 'The present contains nothing more than the past, and what was found in the effect was already in the case'
• History


  Deals with the study of past events
• Historians


  Individuals who write about history
• Historiography


  Practice of historical writing
• Types of historical writing


  • Traditional historical writing - focuses on gathering documents from different libraries
  • Modern historical writing - the use of research methods from related areas of study such as archaeology, and geography
• Sources of history


  • Documentary sources or documents
  • Archaeological records
  • Oral and video accounts
• Documentary sources


  • Handwritten and other composed materials
  • Books, newspapers, magazines, journals, maps, architectural perspectives, paintings, advertisements and photographs
  • Colonial records particularly in Spain and US
• In 20th century and up to now, memoirs (personal accounts) are written by important historical personages. Philippine presidents such as Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, and Diosdado Macapagal wrote their memoirs to highlight their roles as nation-builders
• Archaeological records


  Preserved remains of human beings, their activities, and the environment where they lived
• Significant excavated human remains


  • Callo Man's Toe Bone
  • Tabon Man's Skull Cap
• Fossils


  Remains of animals, plants and other organisms from the distant past
• Fossils


  • Farm implements, jewelry, pottery and stone tools
• Doctrina Christiana


  First book published in the Philippines
• Significance of history


  • Gives a picture to our humanity and our society
  • We could understand the task present and future and gives meaning to different things and events in our society
  • We've learned to appreciate the culture, love, and respect other people in the world
  • It can give us a deeper understanding of different problems in solutions in our present and future
  • Is an eye-opener to understand our culture, language, and society
  • Develop our knowledge about different races of people, cultures, place, and time
  • We live provide valuable lessons to us
  • It helps us to learn different ways of discovering new knowledges
• Over a hundred years ago, study of history is based from different data's like document, coins, seal, picture, and sculptures and carved statue
• In early times, recording history is important to the rulers of government to justify their works
• Lately, the basis of data's is not only through written documents but also the thing that has to do with the lives of people
• Because of numerous resources of data's it is difficult task for the historian to scrutinized and properly choose which of these are valid
• In studying history, we need to document, examine the framework properly, it should consider the relation of document and events due to multifaceted past events
• The study of history as discipline or science has its advancement during 1990
• Today, scientist believes that it is impossible to do because the description of the past events used by the historian comes from his/her own understanding and imagination that is scrutinized and connected to the different data collected
• The experts who studied the different branches of social sciences greatly helps to prove that the data are genuine
• Branches of social sciences that could help studying history


  • Sociology
  • Social science
  • Archaeology
  • Cartography
  • Psychology
  • Economics
  • Geography
  • Linguistics
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
• Primary sources


  Made by an individual or a group present at the time and place being described
• Secondary sources


  Materials made by people long after the events
• The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (1903 - 1909) edited by Emma Blair and James Robertson, which is the most cited collection of primary sources about the Philippines
• Included in the collection

  • Antonio Pigafetta's Primo Viaggio intorno al mondo (1524)
  • Miguel Loarca's Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582)
  • Juan de Plasencia's Relacion de las Islas Pilipinas (1592)
• Filipino historians, such as the father-daughter tandem of Gregorio Zaide and Sonio Zaide, have also compiled and translated colonial documents. They published the 10 – volume Documentary Sources of Philippine History (1994)
• The works of eminent historians such as Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino are good examples of secondary sources
• Phases of the Philippine revolution covered by secondary sources

  • First phase - covers the years from the start of the revolution in August 1896 to the flight of Emilio Aguinaldo and company to Hong Kong as a result of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
  • Second Phase - from Aguinaldo's return to Manila from Hong Kong until his surrender to the Americans in March 1901
• Types of primary sources


  • Contemporary Records - instructional documents, stenographic and phonographic records, require authentication, offering a non-prejudicial
  • Confidential Reports - not intended for a general audience
  • Public Reports - vary in reliability and are intended for general consumption (Newspapers reports and dispatches, Memoirs and autobiographies, Official histories of government or business activities)
  • Government Documents - statistics about the fiscal, census and vital matters which can be made use of by the historians
  • Folklores and Proverbs - reveal the stories of legendary heroes, superstitions, and customs (Alla-Uddal)
• Distinguish between the legendary and authentic elements in folklores and proverbs
• Levels of historical criticism


  • External Criticism - answers concern and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source
  • Internal Criticism - deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given
• The National Library has complete microfilm copies of the a compilation of captured documents of Emilio Aguinaldo's revolutionary government, and Historical Data Papers (1952 - 1953)
• The National Library has a collection of "history and cultural life" of all towns in the country
• Government Documents


  • Statistics about fiscal, census and vital matters
  • Can be made use of by historians
• Folklores and Proverbs


  • Stories of legendary heroes
  • Superstitions
  • Customs (Alla-Uddal)
• Legendary and authentic elements


  Need to be distinguished
• Historical Criticism


  Examining a newspaper as a historical source entails a discerning mind to identify its primary and secondary components
• Levels of Historical Criticism


  • External Criticism - answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source
  • Internal Criticism - deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given