Organelles

• Ribosomes: functions- in RER: protein synthesis for export outside cell
• Ribosomes: functions-in cytoplasm: protein synthesis for use inside cell
• nuclear envelope: Double membrane and pores which allow substances through
• Chromatin: organisms genome and condenses during cell division to form chromosomes
• Nucleolus: Doesnt have a membrane and is where ribosomes are made
• Functions of nucleus: Stores and transmits genetic info and ribosome synthesis
• cell wall: outside plasma membrane. Prevents cells from bursting when turgid.
• cell wall functions: supports plant, maintains cell shape and permeable
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions: protein synthesis and transport from one area of cell to another. Intracellular transport system
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions: lipid metabolism. Absorption and transport of lipids.
• lysosomes: formed from golgi apparatus. contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes. Functions: components/ foreign matter
• Golgi apparatus: functions- protein modification and packaging
• proteins in golgi apparatus modified by: adding sugar, adding lipids and folding into different shapes
• centrioles: functions- formation of cilia/ undulipodia, spindle formation during cell division and only in animal cells
• mitochondria: has a double membrane. functions- energy (respiration)
• cytoskeleton: functions- support and mechanical strength, help substances move through cytoplasm and enable cell movement
• cilia and undulipodia: functions: cilia- move mucus and detect signals, undulipodia- movement (sperm)
• vacuole: functions- supports the plant
• chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis
• DNA transcription


  DNA is transcribed into matching strand of messenger RNA (mRNA)
• mRNA transport


  mRNA strands transported to ribosomes in RER through nuclear pore
• Protein synthesis


  Ribosomes read instructions from mRNA and assemble protein molecules
• Protein transport from RER


  Vesicles with protein pinched off RER and pass via microtubules and motor proteins to Golgi apparatus
• Protein modification in Golgi

  Proteins transported to Golgi apparatus where proteins are modified and packaged into transport vesicles
• Protein transport from Golgi

  Packaged proteins transported in vesicles towards plasma membrane
• Exocytosis


  Vesicles and plasma membrane fuse, modified proteins are released outside the cell
• transcription: gene is transcribed into matching strand of messenger rna (mrna)

  mrna strand transported to ribosomes in rer
• translation: at ribosomes mrna instructions are translated and proteins assembled

  RER: protein moves across cisternae