biomulecules

• Biomolecules


  • CARBOHYDRATES
  • LIPIDS
  • PROTEINS (& ENZYMES)
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Carbohydrates


  Most abundant biomolecule
• Photosynthesis

  CO2 + H2O + solar energy → carbohydrates + O2
• Carbohydrates for plants


  • Cellulose (structure)
  • Starch (storage)
• Carbohydrates for heterotrophs


  • Diet - major source of carbohydrate
• Carbohydrates in humans


  • Energy source
  • Can be stored as glycogen (energy reserve)
  • Structure of DNA, proteins, etc. (source of carbon)
  • Linked to lipids in phospholipid bilayer; part of the cell membrane
  • Linked to proteins (cell-cell/cell-molecule recognition)
• Lipid/fat types and functions

  • Energy-storage lipid: triacylglycerol/triglyceride
  • Membrane lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
  • Emulsification lipids (bile)
  • Messenger lipids (hormones)
  • Protective-coating lipids (biological waxes)
• Lipid/fat structure - monomers

  • Fatty acids
  • Saturated fatty acids
  • Unsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated, polyunsaturated)
• Fats


  Solid or semi-solid at room temperature (25°C), generally obtained from animal source
• Oils


  Liquid at room temperature (25°C), contain larger amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Proteins

  • Essential amino acids
  • Nonessential amino acids
• Proteins


  Chain of amino acids
• Monomers

  atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.
• DNA nucleotides

  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Deoxyribose
• RNA nucleotides


  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
  • Ribose
• Enzymes


  Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

  • ase
• Models of enzyme action


  Competitive inhibition

  Noncompetitive inhibition
• Catalyze


  To speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
• Enzymes


  Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in living organisms
• Substrates


  The molecules that undergo a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme