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• Musculoskeletal Injury


  Damage of the muscular or skeletal systems usually due to strenuous activities. It can be a sprain, fracture, strain, or dislocation
• Sprain


  Ligaments around the joint are stretched or torn
• First aid for sprain


  1. Rest - rest the injured part

  2. Ice - apply ice packs or cold pads

  3. Compression - wrap with elastic compression bandage

  4. Elevation - elevate the injured part
• Strain


  Twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon beyond normal capacity
• First aid for strain


  1. Place victim in a comfortable position taking off pressure from strained muscles

  2. Apply cold reliefs (ice packs or cold pads)

  3. Call emergency help or transport patient to a medical facility
• Dislocation


  Separation of bone end from joint, leaving the bone out of normal position
• First aid for dislocation


  1. Immobilize dislocations in the position found

  2. Splint above and below the dislocated joints to keep immobile

  3. Do not try to straighten or reduce any dislocation

  4. Use RICE method

  5. Keep the victim warm and quiet and in the most comfortable position

  6. Treat the victim for shock if necessary
• Fracture


  Breaks that usually happen in the bone. When a broken bone fractures the skin, it causes an open or compound fracture
• First aid for fracture


  1. Cover wound with non-fluffy sterile dressing

  2. Apply pressure around the injury to control bleeding but be careful not to press on a protruding bone

  3. Carefully place a sterile wound dressing or more clean padding over and around the dressing

  4. Put bandage securing the dressing and padding

  5. Avoid impairing the circulation beyond the bandage. Immobilize injured part and arrange to transport casualty to hospital

  6. Treat casualty for shock if necessary

  7. Do not raise the injured part

  8. Monitor vital signs until help arrives

  9. Check the circulation every ten minutes

  10. Loosen the bandages if circulation is impaired
• Heat emergencies


  Heat-related injuries, or hyperthermia, caused by high temperature and humidity from exposure to hot weather and sun. The three stages are heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke
• Heat cramps


  Muscle spasms caused by loss of too much salt and other electrolytes during too much sweating
• First aid for heat cramps


  1. Have the victim rest in a cool place and administer sips of half glass water or sports drink every 15 minutes

  2. Apply moist towels to forehead and to the cramping muscles

  3. Gently stretch cramped muscles

  4. Avoid victim from forcing action for at least 12 hours
• Heat exhaustion


  Caused by excessive loss of water and salt through sweating. This is characterized by cool, clammy skin and a weak, rapid pulse
• First aid for heat exhaustion


  1. Move the victim to a cool place and remove as much clothing as possible

  2. Give the victim light fan

  3. Make sure the victim does not shiver or get chilled

  4. Let the victim lie down with feet raised 8-12 inches

  5. If victim is fully conscious, give water or sports drink in half glass every 10 minutes for 1 hour

  6. Monitor victim's temperature every 10-15 minutes

  7. Call emergency help if the victim vomits, temperature is above 38.5°C, or the victim does not improve
• Heatstroke


  Life-threatening emergency caused by a failure to regulate body temperature. It is characterized by extreme fever, hot and dry or moist skin, delirium, or coma
• First aid for heatstroke


  1. Establish airway and if possible, move to a cool place

  2. Remove as much clothing as possible

  3. Pour or spray cool water and fan vigorously. If the victim begins to shiver, slow the cooling method as shivering produces heat. Never use isopropyl alcohol as the skin absorbs alcohol which can be toxic

  4. When body cools down, seizure and vomiting may occur. Position the victim for easy drainage

  5. Monitor victim's temperature until emergency personnel arrives
• Bleedingor Hemorrhage


  Occurs when a blood vessel is damaged and constricted. This can be life threatening if the body loses excessive amount of blood
• First aid for bleeding


  1. Apply direct pressure to the wound

  2. Raise and support injured part

  3. Lay victim down

  4. Bandage dressing in place

  5. Call for emergency help
• Poisoning


  When a poison or a toxic substance is taken into or absorbed into the body sufficient enough to cause temporary or permanent damage. A poison can enter the body through swallowing, skin absorption, inhalation, splashing into the eyes, or injection
• First aid for swallowed poisons


  1. Monitor victim and call for medical help

  2. If victim is conscious, ask what was swallowed, how much, and when

  3. Commence CPR, if necessary

  4. Monitor victim's vital signs and keep samples of any vomit
• First aid for injected poisons


  1. Seek medical help

  2. Maintain victim's airway and be alert for vomiting. Keep the victim in sitting position to prevent inhalation of vomit

  3. For animal or insect bite or sting, protect yourself and victim from repeated injection. Identify what animal or insect if possible, and send to a receiving facility

  4. Commence C.A.B., if necessary
• First aid for absorbed poisons


  1. Remove contaminated clothing

  2. Wash with cold water for 20 minutes

  3. Seek medical help

  4. Commence C.A.B., if necessary
• First aid for inhaled poisons


  1. Have the victim breathe fresh air

  2. Call emergency help

  3. Commence C.A.B., if necessary
• Choking


  Inability to breathe caused by the blocking of airway by a piece of food or small object. A victim can use the universal sign for choking by clutching the throat with one or both hands
• First aid for adult and older child choking


  1. Stand behind the victim and wrap your one hand around victim's waist

  2. Place thumb side of fist into the abdomen above the navel and below rib cage then grab fist with other hand

  3. Do five abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward the victim's diaphragm in one smooth movement

  4. Repeat cycle of five abdominal thrusts until object comes out

  5. Help the victim if having breathing difficulties after the object is dislodged
• First aid for self-choke


  1. Get attention by using universal sign for choking

  2. Give self-abdominal thrusts. Repeat until object is out
• First aid for infant or child choke


  1. Position victim for five quick blows - Victim faces down on your upper leg. Place your hand around the lower jaw and chest for head support. Using the heel of your hand, give five quick blows between the victim's shoulder blades

  2. Position victim for five quick chest thrusts - Victim faces up on your upper leg and the head lower than the trunk. Press two to three fingers in the center of the breastbone between the nipples. Give five quick chest thrusts

  3. Repeat five blows and chest thrusts until object is out

  4. Help the victim if having breathing difficulties after the object is dislodged
• Drowning


  Submerging and suffocating in water. This can result to hypothermia when submerged for a long period of time. It can also cause sudden cardiac arrest due to the cold water
• First aid for drowning


  1. Help victim lie down on a rug or coat with the head lower than the rest of the body, enabling his or her mouth to drain water

  2. Treat for hypothermia. Remove wet clothes and change with dry clothes, if possible. Cover the victim with dry coats or blankets

  3. When victim becomes conscious, give the victim a warm drink or chocolate

  4. Call emergency help even if the victim appears to be fully recovered. There might be risk of secondary drowning
• Heart attack


  The death of a part of the heart muscle. Pain can be felt in the center of the chest and can spread to the shoulder, arms, neck, jaw or back. There may be dizziness, sweating, irregular pulse, and difficulty in breathing
• First aid for heart attack


  1. Call for medical help immediately

  2. Place the victim in a comfortable position

  3. Monitor the condition

  4. Have a trained person give C.A.B. if breathing stops and the victim has no pulse
• Burn


  This happens when the skin is damaged by burning and can no longer function effectively against infection. This can cause related injuries, significant fluid loss, and infections that may develop later
• First aid for burn


  1. Help the victim to sit or lie down. Prevent burnt body part from ground contact

  2. Cool the injury by flooding it with plenty of cold water. But do not prolong the transfer to a hospital. Call for emergency help and if possible, let someone do it while you cool the burn

  3. Continuously cool the affected area for at least 10 minutes or until pain is relieved. Monitor signs of breathing difficulty

  4. Do not overcool the victim for it might lower the body temperature to a dangerous level

  5. Do not touch the injury. Safely remove any accessories like belts, shoes, watches, and burnt clothing. Do not remove clothes stuck to the burn

  6. Cover the injured area and protect it from infection. Use clean materials
• One-man carry methods


  • Ankle pull
  • Shoulder pull
  • One person lift
  • Firefighter lift carry
  • Blanket pull
  • Pack strap carry
• Two-man carry methods


  • Human crutch/two-person drag
  • Four handed seat carry
  • Two handed seat carry
  • Chair carry
• Three-man carry methods


  • Hammock carry
  • Three person carry or stretcher lift
• SPRAIN


  Ligaments or joint capsule
• HEAT EXHAUSTION


  Heavy sweating and a rapid pulse
• CRAMPS


  Feel an uncontrollable and painful spasm of muscles
• FRACTURE


  breaks that usually happen in the bone.