natural selection + evolution

• Charles Darwin


  Noticed variation within the same species of animals and plants, such as the finches on the Galapagos Islands islands. Some had short, blunt beaks to break into seeds and crabs, whilst others had long, thin and sharp beaks in order to dig into sand to catch worms.
• What is the theory of natural selection?

  The theory of natural selection states that individuals with traits that are suitable for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to future generations.
• What is Darwins theory called?


  Theory of evolution by natural selection.
• Alfred Russel Wallace 


  Developed Darwins theory of natural selection and created the theory of speciation
• Speciation

  • Formation of new species
  • When populations of the same species become so different that they cannot interbreed and reproduce
  • Occurs due to isolation (physical barriers)and natural selection
• Antibiotic resistance

  • Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain fungi and bacteria (e.g penicillin). They target damaging processes.
  • Bacteria can gain resistance from antibiotics due to random mutations in its DNA
  • If a mutation results in resistance, then the cell will reproduce with said mutation, creating an influx of resistant cells.
  • If the resistant strain is causing a serious infection, then another antibiotic will be needed.
• Reducing antibiotic resistance

  • avoid overuse of specific antibiotics
  • finish whole course of antibiotics
  • antibiotics should only be used when totally necessary
  • antibiotics shouldn't be used for viral infections
• Evidence of evolution

  1. Hominid Fossils, such as the Homo Erectus, show evolution, as they have many human like qualities, such as changes in leg length to show that they walked upright and the human like brain size.
  2. Stone tools becoming more complex and developed simultaneously with the development of their brains.
  3. Pentadactyl limb(limb with five digits). The fact that a wide range of animals that from the first look wouldn't appear to be related(whale, human, cat and bat)all have a pentadactyl limb shows that they all evolved from a common ancestor.
• Linnaeus's system of classification

  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
• The 5 kingdoms

  1. Protists
  2. Prokaryotes
  3. Plants
  4. Animals
  5. Fungi
• What are Hominids


  Human ancestors
• Biotechnology


  The alteration of living organisms to produce products for human use.
• Mycoprotein 


  the process of making food from fungus
• Mycoprotein

  • The fungus, fusarium is cultured in fermenters
  • Fungus grows and multiplies in the fermenter, as it is kept at the optimum pH and temperature
  • the fungal biomass is harvested and purified to create Mycoprotein
• GM crops


  Genetically modified crops
• Advantages of GM crops

  1. Increased yield
  2. increased resistance to pests
  3. increased resistance to herbicides
  4. enriched with vitamins
  5. reduces use of chemicals
  6. increases biodiversity
• Fertilisers

  • Replace mineral ions
  • crops grow faster and bigger
  • can be organic or chemical
  • provide the plant with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
  • can cause eutriphication
• Biological control

  • Natural
  • introducing a new animal into the environment to kill pests
  • long lasting effects
  • doesn't completely remove pests