Anaphy prelim

• Andreas Vesalius


  Belgian born anatomist and physician, born 1514 into a family of physicians, father of anatomy, his work the beginning of modern medicine
• Anatomy


  The study of structure and relationship between body parts
• Physiology


  Study of function of body parts and the body as whole
• Gross (macroscopic) anatomy


  Study of body parts visible to the naked eye
• Vital Organs


  • Brain
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • kidney
• Brain


  • Body's control center
• Heart


  • Most important organ of the circulatory system, helps deliver blood to the body
• Lungs


  • Work with the heart to oxygenate blood
• Liver


  • Most important organ of the metabolic system
• Kidneys


  • Remove waste and extra fluid from your body, maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals in your blood
• Anatomic Planes


  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal or Frontal Plane
  • Transverse Plane
• Sagittal Plane


  Also known as the longitudinal plane, perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right, the midsagittal or median plane is in the midline
• Coronal or Frontal Plane


  Perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions
• Transverse Plane


  Also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial (head) and caudal (tail) portions, parallel to the ground
• The planes can then be used to identify and locate the positions of the patient's internal organs
• Individual organs can also be divided by planes to help identify smaller structures within that organ
• These planes involve moving side-to-side, front and back, or rotationally, respectively
• By learning the way our bodies move in relation to anatomical directions, you can begin to better understand how the body works, and how to program effective workouts to develop well-balanced strength
• Types of Anatomic Planes


  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal Plant
  • Transverse Plane
• Axes


  • Sagittal axis
  • Frontal axis
  • Vertical axis
• Sagittal axis


  Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes
• Frontal axis


  Passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes
• Vertical axis


  Passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and frontal planes
• Movement at the joint takes place in a plane about an axis
• Cells are the smallest unit of life, exhibit all characteristics of life, highly organized, many become specialized for complex functions
• Cell theory


  All living things are composed of cells, cells are the functional and structural units of organisms, all cells are derived from previously existing cell
• Discoverers of cells


  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke
  • Schleiden and Schwann
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek


  Invented the light microscope
• Robert Hooke


  First observed cells in cork (actually saw the cell walls of dead cells)
• Schleiden and Schwann


  Proposed the cell theory
• Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components


  • Receptor
  • Integrating center
  • Effector

  
• Integrating center


  Generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals an effector (e.g. muscles or an organ) to respond to the stimuli
• Shivering


  A bodily function in response to cold in warm-blooded animals, when the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis, skeletal muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy
• Levels of Organization


  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system
• Cells


  The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane, are the basic building blocks of living things, the human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialized function
• Cells


  Provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions
• Types of Cells


  • Epithelial Cells
  • Nerve Cells
  • Muscle Cells
  • Connective Tissue Cells
• Stem Cells


  Unique cells of the body that are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into tissues, able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue
• Bone Cells


  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
• Osteoclasts


  Large cells that decompose bone for resorption and assimilation