science 4TH

• Biomolecules


  Molecules that are produced by a living organism and are critical for life as they help organisms to carry out biological processes
• Four biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrate


  are products of photosynthesis and are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out biological process
• Lipid


  are group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as oil. They are hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water.
• Protein


  builds us and are long chains of amino acids held

  together by peptide bonds
• Nucleic acid


  Provide our genetic information and holds the instructions to make proteins and These biomolecules are not necessarily from food
• Biomolecule


  A molecule that is produced by a living organism
• Biomolecules are critical for life as they help organisms to carry out biological processes
• Carbohydrates


  Are sugars
• Carbohydrates


  • They are products of photosynthesis
  • They are the major component in the structure of plants
  • They are a major source of energy for most animals
• Carbohydrate elements:Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O) (ratio: 2:1:1)
• C6H1206

  If a carbohydrate has 6 carbon atoms, what would be its molecular formula?
• Three classes of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Also called simple sugars - the most basic unit of a carbohydrate
• Most common monosaccharides

  • glucose, fructose, galactose
• The general formula of carbohydrates is CH20
• Glucose


  Blood sugar, the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration
• Galactose


  Sugar found naturally in milk and dairy foods
• Fructose


  Sugar in fruits and vegetables
• Disaccharides


  Formed when two monosaccharide units are joined together by a glycosidic bond
• Glycosidic bond formation


  Condensation reaction happens - elimination of water
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose (common table sugar)
  • Maltose (malt sugar or beer sugar)
  • Lactose (major sugar in milk)
• Polysaccharides


  Made up of several monosaccharide units with a bonding arrangement similar to that of disaccharides
• Most important polysaccharides


  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
  • chitin
• Polysaccharides


  Formed by repeating units of glucose
• Carbohydrate structure


  Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
• Glycogen


  • Synthesized in the human body and stored in the muscles and liver
  • Muscles - serves as an intermediate source of energy
  • Liver - helps maintain a constant level of glucose in the blood
• Starch


  Found in plants, corn, potatoes, wheat, pasta and rice contain substantial amounts
• Chitin


  • Exoskeleton of insects, spiders, and crustaceans are made up of
  • Found in cell wall of some fungi
• Cellulose


  Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall)
• Lipids


  Are fats
• Lipids


  • They are a group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as oil
  • They are hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water
• Lipid function


  Source of energy, store energy, Insulate your body, and make up the cell membrane
• Lipid elements


  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Lipid monomer (building blocks)

  glycerol & 3 fatty acids
• Lipid polymer


  Phospholipids, triglycerides
• Triglycerides


  • A type of fat that circulates in your body. They transport and store energy.
  • Your body makes triglycerides or gets them from the foods you eat (butter, oils, etc.)
• Phospholipids


  A lipid fat that contains phosphorus. Phospholipids are a major part of cell membranes.
• Lipids that are


  • Liquid at room temperature - OILS (e.g. canola oil, vegetable oil, olive oil)
  • Firm at room temperature - SOLID FATS (e.g. lard, butter, margarine)
• Lipids can be


  • Saturated - The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds, Solid at room temperature
  • Unsaturated - There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present, Liquid at room temperature