LESSON 1

• Communication


  Continuous process that operates in a certain context where people exchange words, gestures, and other nonverbal symbols to create and understand information or messages
• key terms for Communication(Wood, 2012)


  • Process
  • System
  • Symbols
  • Meanings
• Process


  • Implies continuity
  • one never stops from communicating as it is an ongoing activity
  • It is Dynamic as it continually changes
  • never static
• System


  • Interrelated parts that affect one another (Wood, 2012)
  • a collection not of random parts, but of organized wholes
  • is likewise affected by the larger system within which it operates.
  • culture is considered a large system.
• To effectively communicate and interpret the message, it is important to understand the system (culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliation and others) within which communication takes place
• Symbols


  • is represented by language (Palta's definition)
  • it is indicated by spoken or written words and facial expressions, gestures and voice qualities (Ober and Newman)
  • A concrete representation of something abstract
• Meanings


  • can be viewed as an “end” in itself
  • when people communicate, they attach this to the symbols they use (either verbal or non-verbal) with the intent that the person/s they are communicating with share the same of this as intended.
• Elements of communication


  • People
  • Messages
  • Codes
  • Channels
  • Feedback
  • Encoding and decoding
  • Noise or barrier
• Linear models

  • Lasswell's verbal model
  • Shannon and Weaver's model
• Interactive model of communication


  • This model is in contrast with the linear one which considers communication as flowing only in one direction from a sender to a receiver (Gronbeck, 1999)
  • in this model, communication is a two-way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and receiver
• Linear model


  • Also called the transmission model
  • model assumes that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner from a sender to a receiver
  • in this model, communication is a one way process
• Laswell's Verbal Model


  Communication flows in one direction from the sender (who?) with the message (says what?) which is sent via a certain medium (in what channel?) towards the receiver to bring about a certain result (with what effect?)
• Transactional Model

  • This model was adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communication
• Pearson et. al, 2011


  Communication is an activity in which you participate
• two levels of meaning:

  1. content level
  2. relationship level
• Content Level

  • refers to the literal meaning of the message
  • It is parallel to the denotative meaning of the message.
• Relationship level

  • It expresses the relationship between communicators
  • This can be the connotative meaning of a message.
• Harold Laswell (1948)

  • a political scientist, produced a set of questions to conveniently describe what comprises communication
• Laswell’s Components of Communication

  A) Who?

  B) a source

  C) says what?

  D) through which channel?

  E) to whom?

  F) with what effect?

  G) sends a message

  H) through a medium

  I) to a receiver

  J) producing some effect

  
• Pearson et al. (2011)

  • provided more comprehensive components of communication called as elements of communication
• People

  • the ones involved in the communication process
  • They have the roles of being the source who initiates a message and the receiver as the intended target of the message.
• Message

  • the verbal and non-verbal form of idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to communicate to another person or group of people
• Verbal message

  • pertains to the language one utters
• Non-verbal messages

  • refers to gestures, body movements, sign languages, and facial expressions that carry with them their own meaning.
• Channel

  • it refers to the means with which the message is delivered.
• Feedback

  • It is the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message
• Code

  • It is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person.
• Encoding

  • is defined as the process of translating an idea or thought into a code
• Decoding

  • is the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.
• Noise or Barrier

  • refers to any interference in the encoding and decoding processes which affect the clarity and understanding of a message.
• Laswell's Verbal Model

  • In this model, communication flows in one direction from the sender (who?) with the message (says what?) which is sent via a certain medium (in what channel?) towards the receiver to bring about a certain result (with what effect?)
• Laswell's Model (1948)

  
• Shanon and Weaver's model of communication

  
• Interactive Model

  • In this model, the personal fields of experience, whether shared or no by the communicators are very important
  • the communicators’ fields of experience explain why misunderstanding occurs (Schram)
• Interactive Model of Communication

  
• Transactional Model

  
• Key features of Transactional Model

  1. has a time element for which influences how people communicate
  2. It depicts communication as varying (not constant) and dynamic (not static).
  3. The outer lines in the model indicate that communication occurs within systems that influence what and how people communicate
  4. does not label one as the sender and the other as the receiver. Instead, are communicators
• Principles of Communication

  1. Communication is transactional
  2. Communication is inevitable
  3. Communication is goal-oriented
  4. Communication has various levels
  5. Communication is complex
  6. Communication can be learned
  7. Communication is relational
  8. Communication is guided by culture
• Communication is transactional


  It is a two-way process which involves an exchange. When the message is sent, a reply is expected.
• Communication is inevitable


  It is impossible not to communicate. The moment you wake up, you already start communicating by merely thinking of how your day will look like.