genbio

• Genetic Engineering


  Process by which pieces of DNA are transferred from one organism to another
• Jack Williamson


  • First coined the term "genetic engineering" in his science fiction novel
• James Watson and Francis Crick


  • Showed DNA molecule has double-helix structure
• Paul Berg (1972)


  • Created the first recombinant DNA molecule by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus
• Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen (1973)


  • Created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance into plasmid of an E.coli bacterium
• Tobacco Plants


  • Engineered to be resistant to herbicides
  • Gene taken from a firefly
• Vector


  Plasmids or viruses
• Plasmid


  Circular piece of DNA in a bacterium
• Basic Steps of Genetic Modification

  1. Isolating a gene to be inserted

  2. Inserting the gene into a vector

  3. Inserting vector into a host

  4. Multiplication of host cells by cloning

  5. Extraction of the desired product
• Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

  Organism which has foreign DNA integrated into its genetic material
• Stages involved in GMO

  1. Identification of the required gene

  2. Cutting of the chromosome

  3. Restriction endonucleases - special enzymes to release the gene
• Uses of Genetic Engineering

  • To make insulin for use by diabetic persons
  • To make growth hormone to treat dwarfs
  • To prepare vaccines
  • To make plants resistant to disease
  • To make pigs, cows, and fish grow faster
  • Higher production of milk by cows
  • To make pigs with less fat
• Gene Therapy


  When a gene is inserted into a sick person
• Other examples of GMO

  • Less-flatulent cows
  • Golden rice
  • Drought-resistant seeds
  • Goats make silk protein in milk
  • Tadpoles which fluoresce
  • Featherless chickens
  • Pest-resistant cabbage
  • Oil-eating bacteria
  • Strawberry with antifreeze
  • GM trees
• Benefits of GMOin medicine

  • Vaccination
  • Gene Therapy
• benefits of gmo in agriculture agriculture

  • Improved nutritional quality
  • Better nitrogen fixation
  • Disease resistant plant
  • Enhanced efficiency of minerals used by plants
  • Reduced post harvest losses
• Possible hazards of genetic engineering

  • Risks for human health, higher chances of cancer
  • Risks for animal health, higher chances of infection
  • Risks of creating new microbes that is difficult to kill by antibiotics
• Process of genetic engineering


  1. Transformation using a vector

  2. Vectorless gene transfer
• Transcription


  Occur in nucleus, called codon
• Translation


  Occur in ribosomes
• Codon


  3 base pair
• Codon

  • Start: AUG
  • Stop: UUAA, UAG, UGA
• Natural Selection


  Survival of the fittest, who can adjust more (Charles Darwin)
• Charles Darwin


  • Father of evolution, continued Lamarck's study
• Principle


  Changes in appearance (Lamarck) Organism inherited from the parent to survive

  Offspring vary their characteristic and variation.
• Basic Mechanism of Biodiversity

  • Natural Selection - how they will adapt
  • Mutation - change in the dna sequence of cell
  • Genetic Drift - change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
  • Gene flow - transfer of genetic material from one population to another
  • Recombination - during miosis of exchanged cells
• Classification


  Grouping of objects or information based on similarities
• Taxonomy


  Branch of biology that groups or names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics
• Taxonomists


  Biologists who study taxonomy
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)


  • Developed the first accepted system of biological classification - plants (6000 latin words) and animals (4000 latin words)
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)


  • Swedish naturalist, devised a two part naming system known as binomial nomenclature
• Genus


  Consists of a group of smaller species
• Genus Name


  First letter is uppercase
• Specific epithet


  First letter is lowercase
• Varieties


  Splits of species
• Taxon


  Group of organisms
• Taxonomic Hierarchy

  • Domain - prokarya/eukarya
  • Kingdom - highest classification
  • Phylum - next most specific taxon underneath kingdom
  • Class - taxonomy rank, taxonomic unit
  • Order - classification of organisms and recognize by
  • Family - group of 1 or more genera, sharing common
  • Genus
  • Specific Epithet
• Vectorless gene transfer

  • Electroporation - used of electrolight (electricity)
  • Protoplast fusion - chemical recombination
  • Microinjection - direct injection in nucleus
  • Use of Particle Gun - used in the field of agriculture
  • Transduction - introduction to one bacteria to another
• Geological Time Scale

  1. Pre-cambrian - hadean — earth's form, Archean — oldest rock, Proterozoic - oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells
  2. Paleozoic - ''old life'' reptiles appearance, first fish appeared Mesozoic - "middle life", dinosaurs, bird, extinct of dinosaurs Cenozoic - "recent life", mammals, angiosperms