Research I Practice Test

• Data


  Raw unorganized facts that need to be processed
• Types of Data

  • Quantitative Data
  • Qualitative Data
• Quantitative Data


  Data that can be counted, measured, and expressed using numbers
• Types of Quantitative Data


  • Discrete Data
  • Continuous Data
• Discrete Data


  Data that cannot be broken down into smaller parts; they always assume exact amounts and have no values in between
• Continuous Data


  Data that can be infinitely broken down into smaller parts; they are data that continuously fluctuates
• Qualitative Data


  Data based on descriptions and descriptive traits
• Types of Qualitative Data

  • Nominal Data
  • Ordinal Data
• Nominal Data


  Used for naming or labelling variables without numerical value, no order and cannot compare between data values
• Ordinal Data


  A type of categorical data with specific order, in order and could be orderly arranged
• Methods of Gathering Data

  • Experiment
  • Survey
  • Interview
  • Observation
• Experiment


  To test a causal relationship by manipulating variables and measuring their effects
• Survey


  To understand the general characteristics or opinions of a group of people by distributing a list of questions
• Interview


  To gain an in-depth understanding of perceptions or opinions of a topic by verbally asking participants open-ended questions
• Observation


  To understand something in its natural setting by measuring or surveying a sample without affecting them
• Frequency


  How often something happened, the number of times an observation occurs in a data set
• Mean


  Sum of all values divided by the total number of values
• Median


  Middle value in an ordered data set
• Mode


  The most frequent value/s in a data set
• Flowchart


  Graphical or symbolic representation of a process, using arrows and shapes to show the chronological order
• Flowchart Symbols

  • Start/end
  • Arrows
  • Input/Output
  • Process
  • Decision
• Drawing Conclusions


  Summarizes the significant results of the experiment, compares the results to the original hypothesis and previous experiments, and explains what the results mean
• Accepting or Rejecting a Hypothesis

  If the data does not support the hypothesis, it is rejected. If the data does support the hypothesis, it is accepted.
• Principle


  A rule or mechanism by which specific scientific phenomena work, requiring more explanation to articulate
• Theory


  A hypothesis that has been tested and consistently supported by data, an explanation based on many repeated observations
• Law


  A scientific law that summarizes a natural occurrence that may be consistently observed given the same conditions