UNIT 4

• static forces

  A constant force applied to a stationary object
• dynamic forces

  force acting on an object while in motion
• tension

  A pulling force causes it to stretch

  
  

  Tensile strength - resist being pulled out of shape

  
• compression

  A pushing force applies to an object

  
  

  Compressive strength - resist being compressed

  
• Torsion

  A twisting force on an object

  
  

  torsional strength - resist twisting out of shape

  
• Bending

  Both tension and compression applied to either side

  
• shear

  Opposing forces applied to an object in a direction that is perpendicular to its length

  
• Deforestation

  the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
• Mining


  extracting raw materials, such as coal, and other minerals from the ground
• Drilling

  Extracting raw materials, such as oil and natural gas from deep under the surface of the Earth
• Atmospheric pollution

  The release of pollutants into the Earth's atmosphere
• Farming

  Growing crops, or raising livestock to meet consumer demand
• Product miles

  the total distance a product travels from its place of production to its place of consumption
• What are the six R's of sustainability?

  reduce, reuse, recycle, repair, refuse, rethink
• Refuse

  Ask yourself if a product is necessary and avoid using it all together
• Rethink

  Revise the way, a current product or system functions, either completely or partially, solve the problem in a different way
• Reduce


  Use less, buy less , throw away less

  
  

  create design with fewer materials
• Reuse

  Use something again, and again re-purpose, or modify designs to avoid disposal
• Repair

  Replace parts or design products to be fixed
• Recycle

  Re-process materials to be used again
• primary recycling

  Reusing without modification,

  
  

  e.g. reusing a shopping bag
• Secondary recycling

  Modifying a product for a different purpose,

  
  

  e.g. making a birdfeeder from a plastic bottle
• Tertiary recycling

  Re-processing material from a product,

  
  

  e.g. pulping paper and card to make new materials
• Miniaturisation

  Modern materials and composite is often lighter than traditional materials, so less materials needed

  
  

  Micro technology allows products to be smaller and more efficient
• Up cycling

  Diverted from landfill and reduce the demand for new products
• Sustainability

  Not damaging environment by using finite resources,

  
  

  reducing negative impact to the environment, people and planet
• What factors influence the sustainability of a product?

  The materials the product is made from

  
  

  How it has been designed

  
  

  The process the product has gone through to be made
• One-off production

  Bespoke items that are designed for individual clients

  
  

  e.g) Prototypes

  
  

  Labour-intensive and handmade by specialist

  Therefore, more expensive and take a long time to create

  Products can be mass produced and then personalised
• Batch production

  Used when a certain number if identical products are required

  Use higher level of automation than one off

  
  

  Machines are specifically set up to perform certain tasks

  High skilled labour

  Extensive specialist tools and equipment required

  
  

  
  

  Initial set up cost is high, the more products, the cheaper, the overall unit

  
  

  Shortly time, so manufacturers can respond to changes and trends in market
• Mass production

  Items are in constant use and design does not change much

  Used one large numbers of products required

  
  

  Little skilled labour and manufacture can be highly automated

  Production lines need to have Heisley school technicians

  High, volume of goods produced

  High set up costs are specialist production line

  Unit price is kept low
• Continuous production

  Similar to mass products are made to create stock standard material forms

  
  

  Factory operate 24/7

  staff on low skilled

  products rely on high level of automation

  Limited range of products