biochem

• Organic chemistry


  The study of the compounds of carbon
• Organic compounds are made up of carbon and only a few other elements
• Chief elements in organic compounds


  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
• Other elements sometimes present in organic compounds


  • Sulfur
  • Phosphorus
  • Halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)
• Vital force theory


  Scientists at one time believed that a "vital force" present in living organisms was necessary to produce an organic compound
• The experiment of Wöhler in 1828 was the first in a series of experiments that led to the demise of the vital force theory
• Chemists have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year
• Chemists have discovered or made an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds
• Approximately 85% of all known compounds are organic
• Organic compounds in living systems


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Nucleic acids
  • Hormones
  • Vitamins
• Structural formula


  Shows the atoms present in a molecule and the bonds that connect them

  
• VSEPR model


  • The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°
• Neutral organic compounds


  • Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons
  • Hydrogen forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons
  • Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons
  • Oxygen normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons
  • Halogen normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons
• Functional group


  An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties

  
• Importance of functional groups


  • They undergo the same types of chemical reactions no matter in what organic molecule they are found
  • To a large measure, they determine the chemical and physical properties of a molecule
  • They are the units by which we divide organic compounds into families
  • They provide the basis on which we derive names for organic compounds
• Functional groups


  • Alcohols
  • Amines
  • Aldehydes and Ketones
  • Carboxylic Acids
  • Carboxylic Esters
  • Carboxylic Amides
• Alcohol


  Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
• Alcohols


  Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)
• Drawing Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas for alcohols with molecular formula C3H8O

  1. Identify the two possible alcohols

  2. Draw the Lewis structures

  3. Draw the condensed structural formulas
• Amine


  A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N)
• Amino groups


  Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)
• Drawing condensed structural formulas for primary amines with molecular formula C3H9N

  1. Identify the two possible primary amines

  2. Draw the condensed structural formulas

  
• Aldehyde


  Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen
• Ketone


  Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
• Drawing condensed structural formulas for aldehydes with molecular formula C4H8O

  1. Identify the two possible aldehydes

  2. Draw the condensed structural formulas

  
• Carboxylic acid


  A compound containing a -COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group
• Drawing a condensed structural formula for the single carboxylic acid with molecular formula C3H6O2


  1. Identify the only possible carboxylic acid

  2. Draw the condensed structural formula

  
• Carboxylic ester


  A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group
• Carboxylic amide


  A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the —OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amino group