AP 4th quarter

• Cyrus Cylinder - 539 B.C.E Sinakop ni Haring Cyrus ng Pirsia (Iran) at kaniya mga tauhan ang lungsod ng Babylon. Pinalaya iya ang mga a alipin at Pinahawag na maari silang pumili ng relihiyon. Diıklara ang pagkakapantay-pantay ng ng lahi. Nakatala sa Baked-clay cylinder na tanyag sa tawag na "Cyrus Cylinder" lahat na Tinagurian ito bilang world's first character of human rights
• Magna Carta - Noong 1215 lumagoda si JohnJohn I -hari ng England sa Magna Carta Naglahad ng ilang karapatan ng mga taga-England. Hindi maaring dakpin, o ipakulong, at bawiin ang anumang ari-arian ng sinuman nang walang pagpapasiya ng hukuman. Sa dokumentong ito, nilimitahan ang kapangyarihan ng hari ng bansa.
• Petetion of Rights - Noong 1628 sa England ipinasa ang "Petition of Rights na naglalaman ng mga karapatan tulad ng hindi pagpataw ng buwis nang walang pahintulot ng Parliament, pagbawal sa pagkulong nang walang sapat na dahilan, at hindi pagdıklara ng batas militar sa panahon ng kapayapaan.Signed by King Charles•Charles men against and then got beheaded.
• Karapatang Sibil- mga karapatan na titiyak sa mga pribadong indibidwal na maging kasiya-siya ang kanilang pamumuhay sa paraang nais nang hindi lumalabag sa batas at pagsususulong ng kabuhayan at disenteng pamumuhay.
• Karapatang Politikal - kapangyarihan ng mamamayan na makilahok, tuwiran man o hindi, sa pagtatag at pangangasiwa ng pamahalaan tulad ng pagboto sa mga opisyal, pagsali sa referendum at plebisito.
• Karapatang Sosyo-ekonomiks - mga karapatan na sisiguro sa katiwasayan ng buhay at pang-ekonomikong kalagayan ng mga indibiduwal gayon din ang lumahok sa buhay kultural ng pamayanan
• Karapatan ng akusado - mga karapatan na magbibigay proteksyon sa indibidwal na inakusahan sa anumang uri ng krimen.
• Ang pagkakaroon ng karapatang pantao ay nakabatay sa mga ginagawang batas sa Pilipinas at sa pandaigdigang kasunduan. Sapagkat mula sa pagkasilang natin ay mayroong na tayong karapatan na dapat matamasa. Kaya karapat dapat lamang na bigyang galang at respeto lahat ang nabubuhay sa ating ginagalawang daigdig, sapagkat wala sa atin ang gustong mabastos nang basta basta na lamang, kung kaya't dapat lang na alamin natin kung ano ano ang ating mga karapatan bilang isang tao sa lipunan (Martinez, 2020).
• Natural - Mga karapatang taglay ng bawat tao kahit hindi ipagkaloob ng Estado.Halimbawa: karapatang mabuhay at magkaroon ng ari- arian
• Constitutional Rights - Mga Karapatang ipinaloob at pinangalagaan ng Estado
• Statutory - Karapatang kaloob ng binuong batas at maaaring alisin sa pamamagitan ng panibagong batas.Halimbawa: karapatang makatanggap ng minimum wage
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - ay isa sa mga mahahalagang dokumentong naglalahad ng mga karapatang pantao ng bawat indibidwal na may kaugnayan sa bawat aspeto ng buhay ng tao. Kabilang sa mga ito ang karapatang sibil, politikal, ekonomiko, sosyal, at kultural. (UDHR, Department of Education. 2017. "Kontemporaryong Isyu", Modyul ng mga Mag-aaral. Pahina 374) Tunay na nagbibigay-tangi sa tao bilang nilalang na nagtatamasa ng kalayaan at mga karapatang maghahatid sa kanya upang makamit ang kanyang mga mithiin sa buhay at magkaroon ng mabuting pamumuhay.
• karapatang pantao - ay ang mga karapatan na tinatamasa ng tao sa sandaling siya ay isilang. Ang pagkamit ng tao ng mga pangangailangan niya tulad ng pagkain, damit, bahay, edukasyon at iba pang pangangailangan ay nangangahulugan na nakakamit niya ang kanyang karapatan (Martinez, 2020). Dahil sa karapatang pantao nagiging makabuluhan ang ating buhay sa mundong ginagalawan natin. Nabubuhay tayo nang matiwasay at maayos sa ating mga kalagayan dahil alam natin na bawat indibidwal ay maaaring mabuhay nang mapayapa at nahuhubog nito ang kanyang katayuan bilang isang tao sa lipunan.
• Kalipunan ng mga Karapatan o Bill of Rights ng Konstitusyon - ng ating bansa ay listahan ng mga pinagsama-samang karapatan ng bawat tao mula sa dating konstitusyon at karagdagang karapatan ng mga indibidwal na nakapaloob sa Seksyon 8, 11, 12, 13, 18 (1), at 19.
• Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
• Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
• Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
• Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
• Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
• Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
• Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by l
• Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
• Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
• Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
• Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
• Right to remain silent


  Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent
• Right to competent and independent counsel


  Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice
• Right to counsel if cannot afford


  If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one
• These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel
• Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
• No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him
• Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited
• Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him
• The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families
• Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
• Criminal prosecutions


  • The accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved
  • The accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel
  • The accused shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him
  • The accused shall have a speedy, impartial, and public trial
  • The accused shall meet the witnesses face to face
  • The accused shall have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf
• Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
• Criminal trial proceeding


  1. After arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused

  2. The accused must have been duly notified

  3. The accused's failure to appear must be unjustifiable
• Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
• Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.