Chem

• entropy


  Measurement of disorder or randomness
• Entropy


  Degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system
• microstates


  Specific arrangement of particles
• Rudolf clausius


  Discovered that Heat will never travel from colder to hotter body
• Law of increased entropy


  2nd law of thermodynamics
• law of increased entropy


  Any spontaneously occuring process will always lead to escalation in entropy (S)
• Spontaneity


  Property of a process to occur without external input
• Spontaneous process


  Proceeds without external input
• increase


  Does entropy increase or decrease in spontaneous process?
• Spontaneous process


  What type of process is melting?
• Spontaneous process


  What type of process is sublimation
• Spontaneous process


  What type of process is evaporation
• Spontaneous process


  What type of process is dissolution
• Non-spontaneous process


  process that requires energy to proceed
• Decrease


  Does entropy increase or decrease in non-spontaneous process?
• Ludwig boltzmann


  Derived the mathematical equation of between entropy and number of microstates
• Temperature change, phase change, chemical reaction


  Factors that affect entropy:

  1. T………. c…..
  2. p…. c…..
  3. c……. r…….
• Gibb’s free energy


  a state of function like entropy and enthalpy
• G


  Gibb’s free energy is denoted by the symbol -
• irreversible reactions - one way type of reaction
• irreversible reactions - all reactants turned to products
• irreversible reactions - reactants converted to products cannot be converted back to products
• irreversible reactions - indicated by a single-headed arrow (--->)
• irreversible reaction


  A ---> B (What type of reaction?)
• reversible reactions


  two-way type of reaction
• reversible reactions


  the forward reaction and backward rection occur simultaneously, reactants converted can be turned back to reactants again
• reversible reactions


  indicated by a double-headed arrow (<--->)
• reversible reactions


  does not necessarily consume all of reactants to become products
• reversible reactions


  A<--->B
• equilibrium


  the rate of the forward reaction matches the rate of the reverse reaction
• equilibrium


  happens when no further change is happening in the reaction
• Le Chatelier's principle


  when a system in equilibrium is subjected to stress, it will respond to attain a new equilibrium
• concentration, pressure, temperature


  factors affecting reversible reactions

  1. c------------
  2. p-------
  3. t----------
• acids


  compounds that release hydrogen ions
• bases


  compounds that release hydroxide ions
• Bronsted-Lowry theory


  addresses the shortcomings of arrhenius theory by having a more general definition of acids and bases
• acid


  proton donor
• base


  proton acceptor
• conjugates


  pair of species in the reactants and products
• Bronsted-Lowry theory


  involves proton transfer from a proton donor to a proton acceptor