part 2 chemical examination

• Consist of chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strips

  reagent strips
• the presence of proteinuria is often associated with early renal disease, however, the demonstration of proteinuria in a routine analysis does not always signify renal disease.

  protein
• measurable amounts of ___ do not appear in the urine, because all the metabolized fat is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

  ketones
• most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or damage to the organs of these systems.

  hematuria
• the product of red blood cell destruction, hemoglobin


  hemoglobinuria
• it is the most frequent chemical analysis performed on urine. Under normal circumstances, almost all the ___ filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted

  tubule; therefore, urine contains only minute amounts of __

  Glucose
• The appearance of ___ in the urine can provide an early indication of liver disease. - It is often detected long before the development of jaundice.

  Bilirubin
• Increased urine__(greater than 1 mg/dL) is seen in liver disease and hemolytic disorders.


  Urobilinogen
• The addition of a ___ testing area to reagent strips has eliminated a time-consuming step in routine urinalysis and has provided a convenient method for routine screening.


  Specific Gravity
• may result from the lysis of red blood cells produced in the urinary tract, particularly in dilute, alkaline urine. It also may result from intravascular hemolysis.

  hemoglobinuria
• 3 intermediate product of fat metabolism

  acetone

  acetoacetic acid

  betahydroxybutyric acid
• Normally, measurable amounts of ____do not appear in the urine, because all the metabolized fat is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

  ketones
• Should the blood level of _ become elevated (hyperglycemia), as occurs in diabetes mellitus, the tubular transport of glucose ceases, and glucose appears in the urine. The blood level at which tubular reabsorption stops (renal threshold) for glucose is approximately 160 to 180 mg/dL.

  glucose
• the blood level of glucose become elevated

  hyperglycemia
• The reagent strip test for nitrite provides a rapid screening test for the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)

  nitrite
• the manufacturers recommend that quantitation be done by microscopic examination.

  leukocyte esterase
• no increase in turbidity


  grade: negative

  protein range: less than 6
• turbidity, granulation, no flocculation

  grade: 2+

  protein range: 100-200
• greater than 400


  grade: 4+

  turbidity: clumps of protein
• grade: 3+

  protein range: 200-400

  tubidity, granulation, flocculation
• noticeable turbidity


  grade: trace

  protein range: 6-30