GENBIO 2

• Anatomy


  Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
• Anatomy

  To cut apart and separate the parts of the body for the study
• Systematic Anatomy


  The study of the body by systems
• Regional Anatomy


  The study of the organization of the body by areas
• Physiology


  Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
• Human Anatomy and Physiology


  The study of the structure and function of the human body
• Levels of structural and functional organization of life

  • Chemical
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
• Chemical


  The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical make-up
• Atoms


  Combine to form molecules
• Organelle


  Small structure that make up cells and carry out specific functions within a cell, e.g. Nucleus and Mitochondria
• Cell


  Basic structural and functional unit of organisms, such as plants and animals
• Tissue


  A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
• 4 primary tissue types

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
• Epithelial tissue


  Type of tissue that covers surfaces, usually has a basement membrane, has little extracellular material and has no blood vessel
• Connective tissue


  Type of tissue that holds cells and tissue together, has an extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers, ground substances, and fluid
• Muscle tissue


  Specialized to shorten or contract
• Nervous tissue


  Specialized to conduct action potentials (electric signals)
• Organ


  Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function
• Organ system


  A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
• Organ systems

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Integumentary system


  • Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
  • Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors
• Skeletal system


  • Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
  • Provides protection and support, allows body movements, and produces blood cells and stores minerals and fats
• Muscular system


  • Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendon
  • Provides body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
• Lymphatic system


  • Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
  • Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combat disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract
• Respiratory system


  • Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
  • Exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
• Digestive system


  • Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine and accessory organs
  • Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
  • The liver is considered as a digestive organ
  • The pancreas delivers digestive enzymes
• Nervous system


  • Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors
  • A major regulatory system that detects sensations & controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions
• Endocrine system


  • Consists of glands such as the pituitary that secrete hormones
  • A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
• Cardiovascular system


  • Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body
  • Plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature
• Urinary system


  • Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
  • Removes waste products from blood & regulates blood, pH, ion balance, and water balance
• Organism


  Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or trillions such as a human
• Reproductive system


  Plays important roles in the development of the structural and functional differences between males and females, influences human behavior, and produces offspring
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a constant or near constant composition of the fluid that bathes the body cells essential for health, a state of equilibrium and balance
• Female reproductive system


  • Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands & associated structures
  • Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization & fetal development
  • Produces milk for the newborn
  • Produces hormones that influence sexual function & behaviors
• Male reproductive system


  • Consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts & penis
  • Produces & transfers sperm cells to the female & produces hormones that influence sexual functions & behaviors
• Functions of the male reproductive system

  • Production of sperm cells
  • Sustaining and transfer of the sperm cells to the female
  • Production of male sex hormones
• Functions of the female reproductive system

  • Production of female sex cells
  • Reception of sperm cells from the males
  • Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual
  • Production of female sex hormones
• Spermatogenesis


  The process by which the testes produce sperm cells
• Oogenesis


  The process by which the ovaries produce female sex cells
• Components of the male reproductive system

  • Testes
  • Series of ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, urethra)
  • Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbourethral glands)
  • Supporting structures (scrotum, penis)