MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS (CELL DIVISION)

• Chromosome


  A structure in the cell nucleus that contains the genetic material
• Chromatid


  One of the two identical copies of a chromosome after DNA replication
• Chromatin


  The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the contents of the cell nucleus
• Transcription

  The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA
• Translation


  The process of synthesizing proteins from the information encoded in mRNA
• Mitosis

  The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
• Meiosis


  The process of cell division that results in four genetically distinct daughter cells
• Mitosis and meiosis are both involved in making new cells
• Diploid


  Having two complete sets of chromosomes
• Interphase


  Cell duplicates chromosomes
• Humans have 46 chromosomes total
• It's hard to draw 46 chromosomes, so 6 chromosomes will be used in the diagrams
• Some insects like mosquitoes have 6 chromosomes
• PMAT


  The stages of mitosis and meiosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Prophase in mitosis

  Chromosomes condense and become visible
• Prophase I in meiosis


  Homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over
• Metaphase in mitosis


  Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file
• Metaphase I in meiosis


  Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in pairs
• Anaphase in mitosis

  Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
• Anaphase I in meiosis


  Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase in mitosis and Telophase I in meiosis

  New nuclei form on opposite sides of the cell
• Cytokinesis

  Splits the cytoplasm to complete cell division
• Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells
• Meiosis results in four non-identical haploid cells (gametes)
• Prophase II in meiosis

  Chromosomes condense again
• Metaphase II in meiosis

  Chromosomes line up in a single file
• Anaphase II in meiosis


  Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides
• Telophase II in meiosis


  New nuclei form on opposite sides
• Meiosis results in four haploid cells (gametes)
• When a sperm and egg cell combine, it results in a diploid zygote
• Prophase involves chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaking down, centrioles moving apart, spindle fibers forming between them, and sister chromatids attaching to opposite poles.
• The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells.
• Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Prophase involves chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaking down, centrioles moving apart, spindle fibers forming between them, and sister chromatids attaching to opposite poles.
• Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares itself for division.
• Telophase starts with the formation of new nuclei from the separated sets of chromosomes, leading to the completion of cell division.
• Anaphase begins with the separation of sister chromatids at the centromere, followed by their movement towards opposite ends of the cell.
• During interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
• In prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms.