Geology

• Geology


  The study of several sides of geology, earth science, and especially the formation of the solar system. This topic clarifies how different types of rock formed.
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantel
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Types of Rocks


  • Igneous rock
  • Metamorphic rock
  • Sedimentary rock
• Continental Drift


  The realization that Earth's land masses move, first proposed by Alfred Wegener
• Plate Tectonics


  The theory that Earth's land masses are in constant motion, with the crust broken into roughly 20 sections called tectonic plates on which the continents ride
• Pangaea and Supercontinents


  • Pangaea (200mya)
  • Rodina (600mya)
  • Laurentia (300mya)
  • Pannotia (500mya)
• Earth Processes


  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic Eruption
  • Tsunamis
  • Landslides
  • Subsidence
  • Floods
  • Droughts
  • Typhoons
  • Tornado
• Weathering


  The disintegration and decomposition of rocks without significant transportation of the resulting products
• Types of Weathering


  • Mechanical Weathering
  • Chemical Weathering
  • Biological Weathering
• Mechanical Weathering


  • Freeze-Thaw Cycle
  • Root Wedging
• Works of Rivers


  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
• Engineering Importance of Rivers

  • Water Resource Management
  • Navigation and Transportation
  • Hydropower Generation
  • Environmental Management
• Works of Wind


  • Erosion (Deflation and Abrasion)
  • Transportation (Bed Load and Suspended Load)
  • Deposition (Sand Dunes and Loess)
• Engineering Importance of Wind

  • Wind Load Calculations
  • Wind-Induced Vibrations
  • Occupant Comfort
  • Structural Design
• Works of Sea


  • Erosion
  • Transportation
• The sea produces waves that hit the rocks repeatedly, causing cracks, deformation and cavities over time
• Aeolian deposits


  Huge heaps of sand formed by the natural deposition of wind-blown sand sometimes of characteristics and recognizable shape
• Types of Aeolian deposits

  • Sand dunes
  • Loess
• Loess


  A kind of fine dirt or dust that's made up of silt, sand, and clay. The wind blows loess around until it settles and, over time, accumulates in one area
• Works of wind


  • Abrasion
  • Sand dunes
  • Deposition
• Works of sea


  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
• Engineering importance of works of wind


  • Wind load calculations
  • Wind-induced vibrations
  • Occupant comfort
  • Structural design
• Engineering importance of works of sea

  • Rising sea levels
  • Protecting buildings
  • Planning ahead
  • Helping nature help us
• Earthquake


  An intense shaking of the earth's surface caused by gigantic forces that constantly change the earth. The shaking is caused by movements in the earth's outermost layer
• Seismic waves


  Waves that are created by the sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere
• Types of earthquakes


  • Tectonic
  • Volcanic
  • Man-made
• Body waves


  • P waves
  • S waves
• Surface waves


  • Love waves
  • Rayleigh waves
• Prospecting


  The field search for mineral deposits, usually with the ultimate objective of economic development by mining operations
• Types of prospecting


  • Traditional
  • Modern
• Prospecting methods


  • Direct method
  • Geochemical method
  • Biochemical method
  • Geobotanical method
• Equipment used in prospecting


  • Magnifier
  • Suction tweezer
  • Rock hammer
  • Shovel
  • Rock chisel
  • Pick mattock
• Ground water


  The water that exists under the surface of the ground in the tiny pore spaces between rock, sand, soil, and gravel
• Key components of ground water

  • Aquifer
  • Pore spaces
  • Discharge zones
  • Flow paths
  • Recharge zones
• Importance of ground water in civil engineering


  • Influence on foundation design and construction
  • Groundwater level management to prevent flooding
  • Potential to alter groundwater flow paths and levels due to construction activities
• Air-Conditioning Systems Overview

  Primary Purpose:

  • Cooling and dehumidifying the air: The main function of air-conditioning systems is to remove heat and humidity from an indoor space, thereby cooling the air.