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• Preposition – relates the noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence

  • A preposition makes it possible to show relationships between words. The relationship shown may involve, for example.

  ·         Location

  ·         Direction

  ·         Time

  ·         Cause

  ·         Possession
• Prepositional Phrase – is made up of a preposition and its object. Any modifier that comes between the preposition and its object is part of the prepositional phrase

  A group of words that includes a preposition and a noun or pronoun

  • to, of, about, at, before, after, by, behind, during, for, from, in, over, under,  with, among, near
• WHAT TYPE OF EXAMPLES ARE THESE?

  ·         against the wall

  ·         among the crowd

  ·         between the carriage and the horse

  ·         inside the courtroom

  ·         of war

  ·         with the soldiers and victims

  ANSWER: Prepositional Phrase
• Adjective Phrase – used to modify a noun, pronoun, or noun equivalent, the prepositional phrase is used as an adjective phrase
• Adverb Phrase - used to modify a verb, and adjective, or another adverb, the prepositional phrase is used as an adverb phrase
• sneer – disrespectful expression
• delirium  - an acutely disturbed state of mind
• visage – a person’s face
• brazen – made of brass
• colossal – very large
•  

  aurochs – a large ox'
• tunic – a loose garment, typically sleeveless and reaching to the wearer’s knees, as worn in ancient Greece and Rome
• sluggard – a lazy and sluggish person
• legitimate – legal; allowed according to rules or law
• alienates – makes someone feel that he or she no longer belongs in a group
• servitude – the condition of being a slave or having to obey another person
• Irony – figurative device that shows contradiction between the expected actions or meaning and the actual ones
• Verbal irony – used when a character intentionally says something but means the opposite
• Dramatic irony – used when the reader or audience is aware of something that the character in the story is not aware of
• Situational irony – used when a character or reader expects one thing to happen but something else actually happens
• Research – begins with INQUIRY

  • Inquiry = any process that has the aim of expanding knowledgeable, resolving doubt or solving a problem
• Quantitative Research – collects data in the form of numbers

  Ex: height, weight, age, daily, annual income, and grades
• Qualitative Research – collects data in the form of words or statements
• Research Paper – longer version of an essay

  • requires more critical thinking, data gathering, organizing, interpreting, evaluating, and writing
• Theoretical Framework – frame of reference that serves as the basis of a research study

  • anchored on observations, definition of concepts, methods, interpretations and generalizations that have been studied and formulated by experts
• Conceptual Framework – refers to the structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that hold together the ideas for research

  • Framework that a research constructs, when there is no existing theory that fits the concepts he or she aims to study
• Oral Defense Presentation – researcher explains and illustrates his or her research proposal before a panel of experts

  • researcher may use relevant charts, tables, videos, or other visual aids that can help establish the value of the proposal
  • the panelists can ask questions and share their critiques. The main goal is to help the researcher come up with a good research paper
  • Oral presentation which hopes to seek approval of the proposed research topic from a panel of experts
• Research Draft – researcher’s first attempt to write the entire research paper

  -  It should contain all the parts of a research. It is submitted to the teacher or peers for evaluation
• Final Paper – revised research paper based on the evaluation of the teacher or peers
• Survey – research tool used to gather data about what people think and feel about a given topic
• References – refer to the materials that you read in relation to your research

  • Listed alphabetically according to the type of material
  • Books, pamphlets, periodicals, and websites
  • Presented in a list that follows your preferred bibliographic format; Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA)
• Acknowledgement – portion in the research paper where you give due appreciation to all those who have helped you in completing the research work
• Abstract – comprehensive summary of your research

  • The research goals, its significance, the methodology used, and the results and conclusion
• Format – refers to the overall presentation of the research on paper based on standard specifications for the margins, spaces, font size and type, and size of paper
• Research is RECURSIVE because it involves performing steps in a cylical and non-linear way
• Research is EMPIRICAL because it is based on verifiable evidence, observation, or experiences
• Research is LOGICAL because it is based on sound principles and a systematic procedure
• Research REQUIRES HIGH-ORDER THINKING SKILLS
• Research is REPLICABLE
• Research is SOLUTION-ORIENTED because it aims to address a particular problem