CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

• Media


  A means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication
• Media


  • Serves as the primary instrument through which people create and maintain interpersonal relationships
• Types of media


  • Print
  • Broadcast
  • Digital
  • Internet
• Evolution of media and its relationship with the growth and transmission of globalization

  1. Oral medium

  2. Script

  3. Printing press

  4. Electronic media

  5. Digital media
• Oral medium


  The oldest and most enduring of all media. Human beings first learned to speak before they learned how to write.
• Script


  Written word, a brief transition between oral cultures and cultures of the printing press
• Printing press


  Commenced the information revolution, enabled production and circulation of books, pamphlets, flyers
• Electronic media


  Media that do not use paper, require the use of electricity for access (e.g. telegraph, telephone, radio, film, television)
• Digital media


  Digitized content (text, graphics, audio and video) that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks
• There will be no globalization without media. Media propagates economic and political globalization, and is the primary tool for cultural diffusion.
• The global village is inhabited by people who possess global consciousness. One is able to identify one's self with the rest of the people in the world, realizing that one's actions will always have an effect on people in different parts of the globe.
• Culture


  The cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations
• Cultural globalization


  The rapid movement of ideas, attitudes, meanings, values and cultural products across national borders
• The globalization of food, with the spread of global food corporations like Mc Donald's, Coca-cola, and Starbucks, has arguably led to the decline of local diets and eating traditions.
• Principles of McDonaldization


  • Efficiency
  • Predictability
  • Calculability
  • Control
• Cultural globalization is not simply the Americanization of world cultures. Multiculturalism is evident in the USA, and Asian popular cultures are also making their way to the West.
• Indigenous peoples


  Possess rich and diverse cultures that is based on their relationship with their land and its natural resources
• Indigenous peoples regard themselves as part of nature, and feel an attachment to their land and everything about their way of life is based on their unique knowledge of their environment.
• Korean artists, drama shows, beauty products, and cuisine are becoming famous in various parts of the globe
• Apart from Korean cuisines, Chinese and Japanese foods are also being enjoyed in the West
• Japanese animations are also well appreciated in the West
• These examples demonstrate that it is not proper to say that globalization only promotes Americanization of world culture
• The impact of cultural globalization is clearly observed in our everyday life
• Globalization has changed the way of life of indigenous cultural communities across the globe
• Indigenous peoples


  • They possess rich and diverse cultures that is based on their relationship with their land and its natural resources
  • They regard themselves as part of nature; hence, they feel an attachment to their land and everything about their way of life is based on their unique knowledge of their environment
• Indigenous peoples kept the continuity of their cultures by transmitting their worldview, their knowledge and know-how, their arts, rituals and performances from one generation to the next one
• Indigenous peoples are able to maintain their cultural heritage by speaking their own language and teaching the younger ones about this, protecting places and materials they consider sacred, and asserting their rights to their lands which they consider as vital for their continuity as a group of people
• Globalization has been seen as a threat to the indigenous peoples' cultures
• Globalization has been instrumental for the exploitation of indigenous resources and displacement of indigenous communities from their lands
• The development that has been enjoyed by most states in the global north and some states in the global south were at the expense of indigenous communities' highly diverse ecosystems... even national parks, biosphere reserves, and the lands set aside for indigenous peoples have been opened to mining and logging particularly in Latin America and Asia
• Indigenous cultures have been commodified
• Commodification of indigenous cultures


  • Traditional medicines have been bought and patented by western companies without acknowledging the communities that served as sources of the knowledge and ingredients
  • Use of indigenous people's names and images on sports mascots, and commercial products
  • Use and opening of places that are considered sacred by indigenous communities to ecotourism
• Media helped in projecting indigenous cultures and making these available to a wider audience who regarded the former as something public and can be borrowed
• The excessive utilization of the internet is a fundamental concern among indigenous communities because their most basic concern is how to keep their most private and sacred knowledge out of the internet
• There are existing laws that aim to protect the cultures of indigenous peoples across the globe, but there is a growing problem regarding the strict enforcement of these, and the international community has failed to address this until now
• A professor from one of the universities in Germany was able to obtain data about indigenous healing practices in Brazil from a key informant who is a Brazilian healer, then processed these data into information, and applied for a copyright of this. This is an issue on the breach of indigenous information on indigenous Brazilian healing practices
• Religion is closely linked with cultural beliefs and background
• Religion flourished and had been transmitted in various parts of the globe due to globalization
• The progress in media, transportation, and information technology played an essential role in the transmission of various beliefs, principles, or ideas of different religions of the world
• Many religious commentators either considered globalization as a threatening challenge to human race or manifestation of evil perhaps because globalization promotes the idea of materialism