Reviewer in Chem

• Temperature


  Measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system
• Solubility


  The ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent
• Solvent


  A substance that dissolves to form a solution
• Solute


  A substance that dissolves in a solvent
• Solution


  A mixture of a solute and a solvent
• Soluble


  A material that can dissolve in a solvent
• Insoluble


  A material that cannot dissolve in a solvent
• Types of solution


  • Supersaturated solution
  • Unsaturated solution
  • Saturated solution
  • Aqueous solution
  • Non-aqueous solution
• Supersaturated solution


  • Comprises a large amount of solute at a temperature wherein it will be reduced
• Unsaturated solution


  • In which a solvent is capable of dissolving
• Saturated solution


  • In which a solvent is not capable of dissolving
• Aqueous solution


  • A solute is dissolved in water
• Non-aqueous solution


  • A solute is dissolved in a solvent other than water
• Factors affecting solubility


  • Nature of the solvent and solute
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Amount of solvent
  • Manner of stirring
  • Presence of other solutes
  • Particle size
  • Type of solvent
• Nature of the solvent and solute

  Like dissolves like
• Increase in pressure


  Typically increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid (solid and liquid are not affected)
• Raising the temperature


  Will increase the solubility of a solute in a solvent
• Amount of solvent


  Plays a crucial role in determining how much solute can dissolve
• Manner of stirring


  Stirring a solution increases the solute's contact with the solvent
• Presence of other solutes


  One solute can enhance or inhibit the solubility of another solute through various interactions
• Particle size


  Smaller particles have a smaller surface area
• Type of solvent


  The choice of solvent plays a crucial role in determining how well a solute dissolves
• Endothermic and exothermic processes


  • Endothermic process
  • Exothermic process
• Endothermic process


  • Chemical or physical reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings
• Endothermic process


  • Photosynthesis
  • Dissolution of ammonium nitrate
• Exothermic process


  • Chemical or physical reactions that release energy in the form of heat to the surroundings
• Exothermic process


  • Burning of sugar
  • Water and calcium chloride
• First Law of Thermodynamics


  Also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the universe's total energy is constant
• Thermodynamics


  The study of the relation between heat, work, temperature, and energy
• Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Kelvin) developed the First Law of Thermodynamics
• Hess's Law


  A fundamental principle in chemistry that states that the total enthalpy change during a chemical reaction remains the same
• Hess's Law


  • Based on the concept that enthalpy is a state function, it depends only on the initial and final states of a system
  • Allows us to calculate the overall change in enthalpy by simply summing up the changes
• Enthalpy


  A thermodynamic quantity that represents the total heat content of a system, often used to describe the heat flow in a constant pressure
• Enthalpy of formation


  The enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states, the enthalpy change that occurs in a chemical reaction
• Molarity


  The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution
• Molar mass


  Mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol)
• Stoichiometry


  A branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions
• Colligative properties


  • Freezing point depression
  • Boiling point elevation
  • Vapor pressure lowering
  • Osmotic pressure
• Colligative properties


  Physical changes that result by adding solute to a solvent