Science

• Power


  The rate in which electrical energy is delivered to a circuit
• Electricity providers measure consumed energy per household


  In kilowatts per hour (kWh)
• Voltage


  The difference in the electric potential between two points where electric potential is the potential energy per charge
• Generating electricity in a power plant


  1. Heat water to produce high pressure steam

  2. Remove heat to lower pressure in condenser

  3. Steam moves from high pressure boiler to low pressure condenser

  4. As water boils it expands and does work to move turbine

  5. Turbine powers generator to produce electrical energy

  6. Pump feeds water back into boiler to begin cycle again

  
• Thermoelectric power plants


  • Burn non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas, and fossil fuels to produce steam
  • Common because they are efficient and cheap to operate

  
• Thermoelectric power plants


  • Calaca Power Plant
  • Mariveles Power Plant
  • Santa Rita Power Plant
  • Bauang Diesel Power Plant
• Thermoelectric power plants pose serious environmental concerns due to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution
• Geothermal power plants


  • Use energy from the Earth's depths to produce electricity
  • Do not pollute or produce harmful waste

  
• Solar power plants


  • Use sunlight reflected by mirrors to concentrate and produce steam
  • Sunlight is a variable energy source so heat production is not consistent

  
• Hydroelectric power plants


  • Use water pressure to turn turbine blades and power generators
  • Clean and inexpensive but require large land areas to be submerged
• Wind farms


  • Use air flow to move propeller blades and generate electricity
• Nuclear power plants


  • Use heat released from uranium nuclear fission to create steam
  • Do not emit pollutants but produce dangerous radioactive waste
• All types of power plants have some environmental impact
• Wind Farms


  • Use air flow to move propeller blades which in turn generates electricity
  • Powered by the Sun since wind is a result of the uneven heating of Earth
  • The Pillilia Wind Farm is an example
• Nuclear Power Plants


  • Use heat released from uranium nuclear fission to create steam
  • Do not emit pollutants and a small amount of fuel can produce a large amount of energy
  • Uranium is not renewable and the radioactive waste it produces is dangerous to humans and the environment
• All types of power plants generate different amounts of energy and have some impact on the environment
• Coal power plants generate considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases


  Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere increases the greenhouse effect which causes global warming
• Power plants generate industrial wastes like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide


  • When these gases are trapped in Earth's atmosphere, they contribute to air pollution and smog
  • The changing weather patterns can magnify the effects of smog into acid rain when nitrogen oxide is released back into Earth through precipitation
  • Acid rain can destroy fixtures and affect wildlife especially those that live in streams, lakes, and marshes
• Types of power plants


  • Thermoelectric
  • Geothermal
  • Solar
  • Wind
  • Nuclear

  
• Power plants can generate unnecessary wastes which may affect the environment
• Electricity is generated using different types of sources like geothermal, solar, wind, or nuclear
• How electricity reaches homes


  1. Power plants generate electricity

  2. Transformers step up voltage for transmission

  3. Transmission lines carry electricity long distances

  4. Neighborhood transformer steps down voltage

  5. Distribution lines carry electricity to houses

  6. Pole Transformers step down electricity before it enters houses
• Step-up transformer

  Transformer designed to increase voltage
• Step-down transformer


  Transformer that lowers the voltage
• In the Philippines, the main power distributor is Meralco
• In the Philippines, the standard AC voltage is 240 volts
• Injuries


  Damages caused by external factors such as natural disasters, accidents, and violence, which can lead to impairment in bodily structures and functioning
• Intentional Injuries


  Injuries that are purposely inflicted on oneself or another individual, occur over a long period of time and are often repeated, can be prevented
• Unintentional Injuries


  Injuries that are unplanned, occur over a short period of time, usually seconds to minutes, often occur without warning
• Different Forms of Intentional Injuries


  • Assault
  • Self-inflicted
  • Sexual Victimization
• Assault


  Intentional injuries that result from violent behavior of one person towards another
• Bullying


  Deliberate and repeated aggressiveness of a bully toward the bullied
• Persons Involved in Bullying


  • Bully
  • Victim
  • Bystander
  • Upstander
• Verbal Bullying


  Bullying that uses harsh or mean words to abuse the victim
• Physical Bullying


  Bullying that involves attacking a person or damaging his or her properties
• Social Bullying


  Bullying that involves damaging relationships or reputation of others
• Cyber Bullying


  Bullying that uses the internet to harm or humiliate the victim
• Stalking


  A form of harassment wherein a person repeatedly follows or surveys a person, thus invading his or her privacy
• Who are stalkers?


  • They know the victim's schedule
  • They contact the victim through text or call repeatedly
  • They hack the victim's personal information
  • They post in social media about the victim
  • They show up in places where the victim goes
  • They send or steal things from the victim
• Extortion


  An act of forcing another individual through violence or threats to fulfill the perpetrator's demands