Colonization

• Emilio Aguinaldo officially declares war against the United States, Filipino forces and American troops start clashing in Manila being led By Aguinaldo


  February 04,1899
• Battle of Manila


  • First and Largest battle of the PH-American war
  • Filipino forces attacked American positions in Manila that led to the battle
  • Major General Douglas McArthur (father of General Douglas McArthur) and was the one leading the American forces while Filipino revolutionary forces are led by Aguinaldo
• Decline and fall of the First Philippine Republic

  1. On March 23, 1901, General Frederick Funston and his troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos (called the Macabebe Scouts after their home locale) who had joined the Americans' side

  2. The Philippine Army continued suffering defeats from the better-armed American Army during the conventional warfare phase, forcing Aguinaldo to continuously change his base of operations, which he did for nearly the length of the entire war

  3. On April 1, 1901, Aguinaldo swore an oath "Let the stream of blood cease to flow; let there be an end to tears and desolation," Aguinaldo said. "The lesson which the war holds out and the significance of which I realized only recently, leads me to the firm conviction that the complete termination of hostilities and a lasting peace are not only desirable but also absolutely essential for the well-being of the Philippines."

  4. On April 13, 1902 Malvar surrendered along with his sick wife and children and some of his officers. By the end of the month, nearly 3000 of Malvar's men had also surrendered. With the surrender of Malvar, the Filipino war effort began to dwindle even further

  5. On September 28, 1901 – Balangiga massacre; at least 48 out of 78 Americans were killed in an uprising on Samar. Gen. Jacob H. Smith orders retaliation. The following day, American soldiers responded with General Jacob H. Smith vowing to turn the town into a "howling wilderness," earning him the nickname "Howling Jake"

  6. General Jacob H. Smith gave the following instructions: "I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better you will please me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States." Major Littleton Waller asked to know the age limit, and Smith replied, "Ten years." These orders were immortalized in a cartoonin the New York Journal whose caption read: "Kill Every One Over Ten: Criminals because they were born ten years before we took the Philippines." Smith asked his men to turn Samar into a "howling wilderness," and they obliged
• Passage of the Philippine Organic Act by the United States, the basic law of the Insular Government


  July 01, 1902
• The rebellion against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end

  July 02, 1902
• U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict


  July 3 or 4, 1902
• Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898
• On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued the proclamation known as the Benevolent Assimilation outlining his colonial policy in the Philippines
• In response, the Philippine Republic was established on January 1, with Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as president, but the United States refused to recognize it as a valid government
• In response to this non-recognition, the Philippine government issued its constitution on January 27, 1899
• Following their complicated and often bloody struggle for freedom from Spain and subsequently the United States, the Filipino people developed a strong sense of national identity
• Through their shared experiences and ideals, the people grew to identify as Filipinos first and foremost
• The Independence Day Declaration in The Philippines was opposed by the U.S.
• In 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain after a payment of $20,000,000
• William Howard Taft as the First American Governor-General of the Philippines
• The Catholic Church was disestablished, and a substatial amount of church land was purchased and redistributed
• Some measures of Filipino self-rule were allowed. However, an elected Filipino legislature was established in 1907
• The Heroes of the Philippine Revolution Who Played a Significant Role Against the Spaniards
• Andres Bonifacio


  • Born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863
  • Came from a poor background
  • His father was a tailor
  • He was the oldest of 6 children
  • His parents died when he was only 14 years old and he had to stop school to help support his siblings
• Andres Bonifacio


  • Avid reader
  • Read all of Rizal's writings as well as the Bible and the History of the French Revolution
  • His leadership abilities enabled him to rally a big following as he prepared to strike against the Spanish authorities
  • Before his group could attack, they were discovered by the parish priest in Tondo who reported them to the Spanish authorities
• Andres Bonifacio


  • Regarded as the Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain
  • Known as the Father of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society he founded in 1892 and whose goal was to win Philippine independence from Spain by means of a revolution
  • The revolution against Spain spread rapidly, but Filipinos were ill-equipped and unmatched by the Spanish army
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, a young revolutionary, led a rivalry, splitting the group into Magdalo and Magdiwang factions
  • A violent confrontation led to Bonifacio and his brother's deaths on May 10, 1897
• Contributions of Andres Bonifacio

  • Fighting against the Spanish colonial regime and advocating for the restoration of Philippine independence and sovereignty
  • Promoting patriotic ideals and forging national unity
  • Fighting for the rights of the oppressed and powerless
• Motivations of Andres Bonifacio

  • Formed an underground secret society through the use of secret codes and passwords called the Katipunan in 1892
  • The Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation) provided the rallying point for the people's agitation for freedom, independence and equality
  • The Katipunan patterned its initiation rites after the Freemasonry, which Bonifacio was a Freemason
  • The organization had its own structure, law system and system of government
  • Symbols, crypto logic languages, clandestine rituals marked the Katipunan's operations
• Impact of Andres Bonifacio's Actions


  • Leader of the Philippine Revolution
  • Inspiration to the Filipinos
  • Progression of Nationalism
  • Spread of History
• Gabriela Silang


  • Born in 1731 in Caniogan, Santa, Ilocos Sur
  • Married Don Tomas Millan, a wealthy businessman, in 1757
  • Joined the revolt against the Spaniards alongside Diego Silang in 1762
• Gabriela Silang


  • Best known as the first female leader of the revolutionary movement against the Spanish colonizers
  • One of the most prominent figures of the revolution and one of the most distinguished women in Philippine history
  • Her life and legacy continue to serve as a beacon of bravery and nationalism to all Filipinos
• Contributions of Gabriela Silang

  • Significant figure in the Philippine resistance against spanish colonial rule
  • Active in propagating and supporting the ideals of katipunan
  • Led in the resistances of movement in Ilocos, even at her young age
  • Leading Voice during the Philippine Revolution
  • Significant figure for women's struggles empowerment
• Motivations of Gabriela Silang

  • Inspiring leader of the revolution despite her young age
  • Brave and determined hero who fought for the independence of the Philippines
  • Symbol of women empowerment and a role model for young girls
  • A dedicated patriot who dedicated her life to the struggle for freedom and the uplifting of the Filipino people
• Gabriela Silang rallied Filipino forces to carry on with the war against Spain and fiercely fought for Filipino independence as she bravely led her troops despite the overwhelming forces they faced. A great Filipina heroine as an embodiment of fearlessness and undying love for the country.
• Gregorio Del Pilar


  • Born on November 14 1875 and died in December 2 1899
  • One of the youngest generals in the revolutionary army
  • Known for the succesful attack on the spanish barracks in the municipality of Paombong, His victory on Battle of Quinga and his last stand at the Battle of Tirad Pass during the Philippine American War
  • Because of his youth, he is know for being the "Boy General"
• Contributions of Gregorio Del Pilar

  • Military Leadership
  • Philippine Revolution
• Motivations of Gregorio Del Pilar

  • SOCIAL JUSTICE
  • INSPIRATION FROM LEADERS
• Impacts of Gregorio Del Pilar's Actions

  • NATIONALISM
  • STRONG REVOLUTION
• Agueda Kahabagan

  • Philippine general in the Philippine Republican Army and a member of Katipunan
  • Fought in the Philippine Revolution and the war against the Americans
  • The well known "Henerala Agueda", From Sta. Cruz Laguna
  • The only officially listed women general during the Philippine Revolution of 1896 - 1898 and the American War
• Contributions of Agueda Kahabagan

  • Battle against the americans
• Motivations of Agueda Kahabagan

  • FREEDOM FROM THE AMERICANS
• Impacts of Agueda Kahabagan's Actions

  • WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
  • FORCES AGAINST THE AMERICANS
• The United States government formally acquired the Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty of Paris


  December 10, 1898
• The U.S. government declared military rule in the Philippines

  December 21, 1898
• Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines


  January 5, 1899