KingExam

• Dubbing


  The process of recording or replacing dialogue in a motion picture after the filming has been completed
• Dubbing came to exist


  Due to the limitations of sound-on-film in the early days of cinema
• Thomas Edison's Kinetophone


  • Synchronized a kinetoscope and a phonograph to produce the illusion of motion accompanied by sounds
  • Lack of amplification led to its failure
• Gaumont's Chronophone and Nolan's Cameraphone

  • Followed Edison's inventions
  • But it wouldn't be until 1923 when Lee De Forest unveiled his Phonofilm, the first viable optical sound-on-film technology
• Bell Labs and Western Electric


  • Developed a 16-inch shellac disc revolving at 33.3 RPM that recorded 9 minutes of sound
  • Outperformed the Phonofilm in sound quality
• Warner Bros. Vitaphone


  • Created a significantly better signal-to-noise ratio over the consumer standard 78 RPM
  • Debuted in 1925 at a packed auditorium in New York and San Francisco
• Warner Bros. released their first talking film, Don Juan


  1926
• George Groves


  The first music mixer in film history
• The Jazz Singer was released, becoming the first feature-length "talkie"


  1927
• Dubbing started around 1930


  1. With films like Rouben Mamoulian's Applause pioneering sound mixing in film

  2. Mamoulian experimented with editing all the sounds on two interlocked 35mm tracks which began the standard film tracklaying/dubbing practice
• Dubbing in the early 30s


  • Dialogue recorded on one track, leaving three tracks to be shared between music and sound effects
• Dubbing allowed artists like Fred Astaire


  • To pre-record his tap steps exactly as he would dance them in his films
• Disney's Fantasia in the 1940s


  • Recorded on a 9-track Omni-directional FantaSound, but only four U.S. theaters installed the equipment
• As U.S. antitrust legislation forced studios to innovate


  Studios decided to tackle the sound quality issue by recording on a 360-degree soundtrack on six channel magnet
• Ray Dolby's noise reduction technology


  • Adapted for cinema sound in the early 70s
  • Understood that theatre owners would only purchase audio equipment that was sufficient enough to justify the level of investment its product demanded
• Dolby mag masters


  Created separate four-track masters for dialogue, effects, and music, which were encoded with left, central, right, and surround sound
• Four-track masters


  Allows editors to sound cut whenever location dialogue is not salvageable
• Dubbing


  Allows foreign studios to add a new layer of dialogue in any language and mix it into the original film
• Dubbing


  The process of recording or replacing dialogue in a motion picture after the filming has been completed
• Dubbing came to exist


  Due to the limitations of sound-on-film in the early days of cinema
• Thomas Edison's Kinetophone


  • Synchronized a kinetoscope and a phonograph to produce the illusion of motion accompanied by sounds
  • Lack of amplification led to its failure
• Gaumont's Chronophone and Nolan's Cameraphone


  • Followed Edison's inventions
  • But it wouldn't be until 1923 when Lee De Forest unveiled his Phonofilm, the first viable optical sound-on-film technology
• Bell Labs and Western Electric


  • Developed a 16-inch shellac disc revolving at 33.3 RPM that recorded 9 minutes of sound
  • Outperformed the Phonofilm in sound quality
• Warner Bros. Vitaphone


  • Created a significantly better signal-to-noise ratio over the consumer standard 78 RPM
  • Debuted in 1925 at a packed auditorium in New York and San Francisco
• Warner Bros. released their first talking film, Don Juan


  1926
• George Groves


  The first music mixer in film history
• The Jazz Singer was released, becoming the first feature-length "talkie"


  1927
• Dubbing started around 1930


  1. With films like Rouben Mamoulian's Applause pioneering sound mixing in film

  2. Mamoulian experimented with editing all the sounds on two interlocked 35mm tracks which began the standard film tracklaying/dubbing practice
• Dubbing in the early 30s


  • Dialogue recorded on one track, leaving three tracks to be shared between music and sound effects
• Dubbing allowed artists like Fred Astaire


  • To pre-record his tap steps exactly as he would dance them in his films
• Disney's Fantasia in the 1940s


  • Recorded on a 9-track Omni-directional FantaSound, but only four U.S. theaters installed the equipment
• As U.S. antitrust legislation forced studios to innovate


  Studios decided to tackle the sound quality issue by recording on a 360-degree soundtrack on six channel magnet
• Ray Dolby's noise reduction technology


  • Adapted for cinema sound in the early 70s
  • Understood that theatre owners would only purchase audio equipment that was sufficient enough to justify the level of investment its product demanded
• Dolby mag masters


  Created separate four-track masters for dialogue, effects, and music, which were encoded with left, central, right, and surround sound
• Four-track masters


  Allows editors to sound cut whenever location dialogue is not salvageable
• Dubbing


  Allows foreign studios to add a new layer of dialogue in any language and mix it into the original film