coast

• what is our example of a cave, arch, stack + stump

  selwicks bay
• what is our example of a headland

  flamborough head
• what is our example of a bay

  Bridlington bay
• what is our example of a spit


  spurn head
• hard engineering management stratergies

  1. gyrones
  2. sea wall
  3. rock armour
  4. gabions
• sea wall advantages - hard engineering coast management

  • effective against erosion
  • long lasting
  • provides a walk way for ppl
• sea wall disadvantages - hard engineering coast management

  • expensive - £5000
  • unnatural to look at
  • restricts acess
• sea wall 


  a curved concrete wall that reflects waves
• rock armour advantages - hard engineering coast management

  • effective against erosion
  • can be used alongside a sea wall
  • more natural looking
• rock armour disadvantages - hard engineering coast management

  • expensive
  • can restrict access
• rock armour


  large rocks at the base of the cliff
• gabions - advantages - hard engineering coast management

  • effective against erosion
  • can be used alongside sea walls
  • more natural then sea walls
• gabions disadvantages - hard engineering coast management

  • expensive - maintenance
  • dangerous to wildlife
• gabions

  rocks in wire mesh cages
• groynes - advantages - hard engineering coast management

  • prevent longshore drift which can cause erosion
  • cheaper
  • long lasting
• groynes - disadvantages hard engineering coast management

  • cause erosion elsewhere
  • maintenance
  • ugly
• groynes

  wooden barriers built at right angles
• beach nourishment advantages - soft engineering coast management

  • cheap
  • reduce erosion
  • natural
• beach reprofiling advantages - soft engineering coast management

  • reduces erosion by reducing wave energy
  • cheap
  • simple
• sand dune regeneration advantages - soft engineering coast management

  • creates a barrier from erosion
  • dunes absorb the waves energy
  • natural
• managed retreat - advantages - soft engineering coast management

  • natural
  • salt marshes - good for wildlife
• beach nourishment disadvantages - soft engineering coast management

  • constant maintenance
  • restrict access while work is done
  • taking sand from elsewhere
• beach reprofiling disadvantages - soft engineering coast management

  • constant maintenance
  • restricts access while work is done
  • only useful where wave energy is low
• sand dune regeneration disadvantages - soft engineering coast management

  • the vegetation takes ages to grow
• manged retreat disadvantages - soft engineering coast management

  • ppls land + job lost
  • ppl may need to be compensated for the land lost
• beach nourishment 


  adding more sand to the beach
• beach reprofiling 


  making the beach steeper towards the land
• sand dune regeneration


  building up sand dunes + vegetation
• managed retreat


  allowing nature to take its course
• Holderness coast - reasons for management

  • ↑ fetch= powerful waves = ↑ erosion
  • coastline made of boulder clay, soft rock ↑ erosion
  • saturated soil bc of ↑ rainfall + heavy buildings on the coastline → slumping