Plants and Their reproduction

• Fertilisation


  The joining of gametes (sex cells)
• Fertilisation process


  1. Pollen lands on stigma

  2. Pollen tube grows down style to ovary

  3. Nucleus from male sex cell joins with female sex cell (ovule) in ovary
• Fruit


  Matured and ripened ovary of a plant, containing seeds for plant reproduction
• Seed


  • Embryo (young root and shoot)
  • Food store (starch)
  • Seed coat (tough protective outer covering)
• Germination


  Process controlled by enzymes in which the seed begins to develop into a new young plant
• Factors affecting germination


  • Temperature
  • Concentration of oxygen in air
  • Water
• Seed dispersal methods


  • Animal (exterior)
  • Animal (interior)
  • Animal (burial)
  • Explosion/self-propelled
  • Wind
  • Water
• Seeds must be dispersed or spread away from each other and from their parent plant to reduce competition and increase chances of survival
• Plants compete for resources including light, water, space, and minerals in the soil
• Gametes


  Sex cells
• Types of gametes in plants


  • Male sex cell (pollen)
  • Female sex cell (ova/eggs)
• Pollination


  1. Pollen grains transferred to stigma

  2. By insects

  3. By wind
• Flower


  • Organ of reproduction in certain plants
• Parts of a flower


  • Petal
  • Anther
  • Filament
  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
  • Ovum/egg
  • Sepal
• Anther

  Part of the plant that produces pollen (male sex gamete)
• Insect pollination

  • Bee
• Insect pollination

  1. Bee collects nectar

  2. Picks up pollen grains

  3. Deposits pollen grains on stigma of another flower
• Fertilization

  1. Pollen grain travels down style

  2. Joins with egg
• Seed

  Produced after fertilization
• Pollination is different from fertilization
• The structure of a flowering plant is made up of the: stigma, ovary, ovule, filament, petals, anthers, style, leaves, sepal, stem and roots.
• The roots anchors the plant and transports water, minerals and nutrients to the other organs of the plant.
• The leaves contains chlorophyll, which gives it a vibrant green colour and is responsible for photosynthesis in the plant.
• The brighter the petals, the more attractive it will be for insects to pollinate.
• Xylem is the vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
• Phloem is the transport tissue of the plant. It transports food and water from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
• The vacuole is a fluid filled sac that stores cell sap and helps maintain the cell's shape. It stores food that it used when the plant cannot get sunlight or water. similar to fat in the human body.
• There are different types of pollination in plants: Water pollination, Animal pollination, Wind pollination and explosive pollination.
• Structure of a seed: EPICOTYL (top part of the stem), HYPOCOTYL(bottom part of the stem), RADICLE(roots), SEED COAT (protection) and COTYLEDON(food). --->

  
• What do flowering plants and conifers have in common and what differs?


  similar- roots and xylem tissue

  different- conifers have cones and needle leaves while flowering plants have flowers and large, flat leaves.
• Fungi lives on dead organisms (decomposers)
• fungi grow in dark and damp areas
• Cells


  The basic building blocks of life that can replicate independently
• Multicellular organisms like animals and plants contain many cells that divide to grow or replace dead cells, not to create new organisms</b>
• Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms
• Subcellular structures common to animal and plant cells

  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• Plant cells


  • Have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose
  • Contain a permanent vacuole with cell sap
  • Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• Bacterial cells


  • Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Have a single circular strand of DNA instead of a nucleus
  • May have additional plasmids
  • May have flagella for movement
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, using chlorophyll to absorb light energy
• Mitochondria in cells break down glucose through aerobic respiration to provide energy