General Biology 2 Finals

• Genetics


  Study of heredity in general and of genes in particular
• Heredity


  Natural process by which physical and mental qualities are passed from a parent to its offspring; sum of the characteristics and potentialities genetically derived from one's ancestors
• Chromosomes


  Pair of filamentous materials which are composed of coiled strands of DNA

  
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic acid, which is considered as the blueprint of the body / genetic material of living things. It is made up of nucleotides, which consists of sugar, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases
• Gene


  Consist of sections of DNA strand. The traits are determined by the genes on the chromosomes

  
• Factor or Allele


  Pairs of gene that occupies a particular locus in the homologous pair of chromosomes
• Locus


  Certain site or location at which alleles are found in the homologous pair of chromosomes
• Phenotype


  Observable characteristics of an individual; physical expression
• Phenotype


  • Skin color – fair; Eye shape – round
• Genotype


  Genetic information carried by a pair of alleles, which determines a particular characteristic
• Genotype


  • Skin color – FF; Eye shape - Rr
• Dominant


  A gene whose effect is shown in the individual whether its alleles are the same or different. Written in UPPERCASE (R)
• Recessive


  A gene whose effect is shown in the individual only when its alleles are the same. (double recessive condition) Written in lowercase (r)
• Homozygous


  Describing an individual in whom the members of a pair of genes determining a particular characteristic are identical (Example: RR, TT, rr, tt)
• Heterozygous


  Describing an individual in whom the members of a pair of genes determining a particular characteristic are dissimilar (Example: Rr, Tt)
• Dominant gene


  Gene that prevents the other gene from "showing"
• Recessive gene


  Gene that does NOT "show" even though it is present
• Gregor Mendel's work on pea plants discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance
• Mendel concluded that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent
• Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits
• Mendel recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next
• Pea Plant Characteristics


  • Round Seeds
  • Wrinkled Seeds
  • Yellow Seeds
  • Green Seeds
  • Red Flowers
  • White Flowers
  • Inflated Pods
  • Constricted Pods
  • Green Pods
  • Yellow Pods
  • Axial Flower
  • Terminal Flowers
  • Long Stem
  • Short Stems
• Law of Segregation


  States that only one number of allelic pair of chromosomes or genes will end up in a gamete in the process of meiosis
• Meiosis


  The original number of chromosomes found in every individual is reduced to half through the egg cell and sperm cell. The union of these cells resumed the original number of chromosomes (fertilization)
• Law of Independent Assortment


  Genes are assorted independently during meiosis. States that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. States that each trait can be inherited, but not both of them will show in the physical appearance of the offspring
• Metaphase 1


  Alignment of chromosomes in the metaphase plate where they replicate in preparation for metaphase2
• Law of Dominance & Recessiveness


  Dominant traits are manifested and recessive traits are hidden unless both recessive trait are pass on to offspring
• Law of Chance Recombination


  Points out that the egg or sperm cells combine by chance during fertilization without regard to nature of hereditary units they carry
• Monohybrid cross


  Refers to the cross of two organisms involving only one trait
• Dihybrid cross


  Refers to the cross of two organisms involving two traits
• Punnett Square


  A graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event
• Monohybrid Cross Sample Problem 1


  1. Two heterozygous red petalled flowers are crossed

  2. Determine the probability of their offspring having a white petal
• Monohybrid Cross Sample Problem 2


  1. In dogs, curly hair (C) is dominant to smooth (c) hair

  2. Cross a homozygous curly-haired dog and smooth-haired dog

  3. Determine the genotype, phenotype, and percent chance of the offspring
• Monohybrid Cross Sample Problem 3


  1. In guinea pigs, short hair, S, is dominant to long hair, s

  2. Determine the genotype, phenotype, and percent chance of the offspring
• Dihybrid Cross Sample Problem 1


  1. A short pea plant that is heterozygous with green pod is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant with yellow pods

  2. Determine the percent chance of getting a short and yellow offspring
• 2/4


  short-haired guinea pig
• 2/4


  long-haired guinea pig
• A short pea plant that is heterozygous with green pod is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant with yellow pods


  Determine the percent chance of getting a short and yellow offspring
• G


  green pod
• g


  yellow pod