Fundamental bio

• 2 types of organisms


  unicellular and multicellular
• Examples of unicellular organisms

  Bacteria

  amoeba

  Yeast and fungi
• Examples of multicellular organisms

  Animal

  Plant

  Protoctist
• 2 types of cells

  animal and plant
• Structures in animal cells


  Nucleus

  mitochondria

  ribosomes

  cytoplasm

  cell membrane
• Structures in plant cell


  nucleus

  cell wall

  chloroplasts

  vacuole

  cell membrane

  ribosomes

  cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly like substance to allow chemical reaction to happen
• Mitochondria


  To allow aerobic respiration to take place
• aerobic repiration equation


  C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

  glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Muscle cell equation

  C6H12O6—->2C2H5OH + 2CO2

  Glucose—-> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• What happens during exercise

  Muscles will contract

  Respire more

  Need of oxygen and glucose

  less oxygen supply to rest of the body

  a toxic substance produced in the legs called lactic acid

  causes pain in the muscles called muscle cramps

  When taken rest lactic acid is oxidised

  Pain will be released
• Chloroplast


  Contain cholropyll
• Role of chlorophyll


  Chlorophyll traps light energy

  Convert energy to chemical energy

  Make glucose during photosynthesis p
• Photosynthesis equation


  6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

  Carbon dioxide + water--> glucose + oxygen
• Difference between animal and plant cell

  No cell wall for animal cell , no chloroplast , irregular shape
• Level of organization in oraganism

  Organelle

  Cell

  Tissue

  Organ

  Organ system

  Organism
• Organelle


  Tiny part in the cell that carry out a specific function
• Cell


  1 basic unit of life
• Tissue


  A group of similar structure of cell that perform a specific function
• Organ


  A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ system


  group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
• Organism


  A living thing
• 5 kingdoms of living things

  Bacteria

  fungi

  animal

  plant

  protoctist
• Structure of a bacteria

  a singular circular chromosome

  Pili

  ribosomes

  plasma membrane

  cell wall

  DNA

  flagellum
• Structure of a Yeast


  It's unicellular

  Cell membrane

  Vacuole

  Ribosome

  Nucleus

  Glycogen granule

  Cell wall
• Role of bacteria in the production of yoghurt

  1 boil the milk throughly so it's homogenised

  Cool down

  At 40-45C add lactobacillus to milk

  Lactobacillus digest the lactose into lactic acid

  Yoghurt is formed by keeping at 5C
• Process of how fungi decompose the dead organic substance

  Hyphae is thin and long and increase the surface area

  Hyphae release extracellular enzyme outside the organism

  External digestion occurs

  Absorb nutrients by the hyphae