Sci

• INGESTION


  Animals take in food that provides energy and nutrients
• ASSIMILATION


  1. Digested foods are distributed into different parts of the body cells

  2. Nutrients from the digested food move into the blood vessels passing through the lining of the small intestine
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION


  Turning food into smaller molecules with the aid of enzymes
• AMYLASE


  Type of enzyme present in saliva that helps break down starch
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


  • Organ system responsible for breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules and absorption of organic compounds needed by the body
• LARGE INTESTINE


  Reabsorbs water from the chyme
• PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT


  Wavelike contraction of the smooth muscles of digestive tract that pushes food in small sections through the gastro-intestinal tube
• CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND LIPIDS are the most affected nutrients if the liver is severely damaged
• INTESTINAL VILLI


  • Increases surface area for nutrient absorption
• Processes involved in the human digestive system

  • INGESTION
  • DIGESTION
  • ABSORPTION
  • ASSIMILATION
  • EGESTION
• BOLUS


  The food that is chewed and mixed with saliva that turns into a moist ball
• PEPSIN


  Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach
• VILLI


  • Tiny structures that line the internal surface of the small intestine to increase its surface area for the absorption of nutrients
• SIMPLE SUGARS


  Result of chemical digestion of carbohydrates
• WAVELIKE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS


  Aids the passage of food through the digestive tract
• SMALL INTESTINE is where absorption of nutrients mostly occur
• Correct order of the digestive tract

  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
• Nutrients from digested food reach the blood by being absorbed into the blood through the blood vessels
• The undigested food that pass through the digestive tract moves down to the large intestine and await disposal
• MITOSIS forms two daughter cells
• SEXUAL


  Form of reproduction whose benefit is variability of the offspring
• GENES


  Controls hereditary traits
• S PHASE


  Phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs
• INTERPHASE


  Stage in the life of a cell that is spent most
• KARYOKINESIS


  Division of nucleus
• ANAPHASE


  Stage of mitosis where the chromatids of chromosomes separate and begin to move away from each other
• THE PROCESS OF MEIOSIS


  1. N

  2. 2N

  3. N
• SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER


  88-88-88
• MITOSIS

  2 daughter cells, 2N or N
• MEIOSIS

  4 daughter cells, N or HAPLOID
• ZYGOTENE


  Substage of prophase I where the pairing of chromosomes begins
• What happens to food when it is in your:

  1. mouth: food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing

  2. stomach: stomach muscles mix the food with digestive juices

  3. small intestine: absorbs most of the nutrients with your food
• How are nutrients from the food you eat absorbed after digestion?

  The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine and push the mixture forward to help with further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. The blood delivers the nutrients to the rest of the body.
• Why are villus and microvilli important in the human digestive system?

  • The villi and microvilli, with their many folds, increase the surface area of the intestine and increase absorption efficiency of the nutrients. Absorbed nutrients in the blood are carried into the hepatic portal vein, which leads to the liver.
• What is crossing over? How does it affect the rate of evolution?

  Crossing over is a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up. When two chromosomes one from the mother and one from the father - line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched. This allows for genetic diversity, which will help cells participate in survival of the fittest and evolution.
• Zygote


  Stage of your development as a human being when you were just one cell