Biology

• The 7 Vital Functions

  • Nutrition (feeding)
  • Growth
  • Movement
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Sensation
  • Reproduction
• Nucleus


  Controls the cell and gives the instructions (DNA)
• Cell membrane


  Gives the cell its shape and controls what goes in and out
• Cell wall


  Prevents the cell from bursting when taking up water
• Cytoplasm


  Where all the reactions take place in a cell
• Vacuole


  Contains cell sap (sugars)
• Chloroplasts


  Trap light energy from the sun to make food. They are green to absorb more energy
• Food stores


  May contain glycogen or starch
• Prokaryotic cells


  No nuclear membrane (bacteria / blue green algae)
• Eukaryotic cells


  Normal cells (the rest)
• Levels of Organisation


  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • fully functional ORGANISM
• Diffusion


  The movement of particles from a high to a low concentration
• Osmosis


  The movement of water particles from a dilute to a concentrated solution
• Active transport


  The movement by which ions and molecules move from a low to a high concentration
• Organic compounds


  Complex compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Inorganic compounds


  Made up of water, iron, calcium
• Organic compounds


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats or Lipids
• Carbohydrates


  Monosaccharides (glucose), Disacccharides (sucrose), Polysaccharides (starch)
• Proteins


  Made up of chains of amino acids
• Fats or Lipids


  Made up of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
• What an enzyme is

  • A protein
  • Sensitive to temperature and pH
  • Sensitive to poisons
  • Denatured by heat
  • Specific
  • Used to speed up reactions
  • Re-usable
  • A biological catalyst
  • 2 types: BREAKER or BUILDER
• Respiration


  Takes place all the time to produce energy, takes place in living cells
• Types of respiration


  • Aerobic (with oxygen)
  • Anaerobic (without oxygen)
• Aerobic respiration


  Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY
• Anaerobic respiration


  Glucose -> lactic acid + ENERGY
• Uses of aerobic respiration


  • cell division
  • muscle contraction
  • making new cell structures
• Levels of classification


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• The Animal Kingdom


  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
• Vertebrates


  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Mammals
  • Birds
• Invertebrates


  • Coelentrates
  • Molluscs
  • Worms: (a) platyhelmithis … flat, (b) nematods … round, (c) annelids … ringed
  • Arthropods: (a) insects, (b) arachnids, (c) crustaceans, (d) myriapods
• The Plant Kingdom


  • Flowering plants
  • Non-flowering plants
• Flowering plants


  • Angiosperms: (a) monocots, (b) dicots
  • Gymnosperms
  • Algae
  • Pteridophytes
  • Bryophytes
• Bacteria cell includes


  • Nucleiod
  • Cell membrane
  • Glycogen granules
  • Slime capsule
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell wall
  • Flagella
• Bacteria forms


  • Bacillus
  • Spirillum
  • Vibrio
  • Coccus
  • Diplococcus etc
• Viruses


  Not made of cells but are some protein molecules around some DNA or RNA, they do not carry out all the 7 vital functions, they only reproduce inside of living cells
• The Protista Kingdom


  • amoeba
  • euglena
• Photosynthesis


  Autotrophs use this method to make food using chlorophyll to absorb sunlight so it gives them energy to complete this process
• Carbon dioxide + water


  Glucose (food) + oxygen
• Compensation point


  At dusk (late night) and at dawn (early morning) the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration
• Limiting factors for photosynthesis


  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Temperature