GENBIO 4th quarter

• Water, salt, and glucose


  Components in the filtrate that are reabsorbed back into the blood
• Blood clotting after an injury


  Example of negative feedback
• Hormones involved in regulation of mammalian kidney function


  • ADH
  • Aldosterone
  • Renin
• Amphibians


  • Vertebrates that rely on gas exchange across the skin as well as the lungs to maintain sufficient blood oxygen level
• Renal Capsule


  Outer coat of connective tissue of the kidneys that serve as specialized organs for osmoregulation
• Nephrons


  Functional units of the kidney where urine is formed
• Negative pressure filling


  When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, air travels into the lungs
• Ingestion


  Process of ingesting food through the mouth
• Small Intestine


  Part of the alimentary canal that is connected to the pancreas
• Nutrition


  Biochemical and physiological process that an organism uses food to support its life
• Digestion


  Process of breaking down large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules that can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma
• Omnivore


  • Man
• Herbivore


  • Giraffes
• Protein


  Macromolecule that promotes, repairs and rebuilds muscle tissue
• Vitamins


  Essential nutrient that helps the body fight diseases
• Chemical digestion process


  Depends on enzymes
• Absorption


  Takes place in the small intestine
• Cell placed in water


  Tends to swell due to gain water from hypotonic or "Low salt" environments
• Homeostasis


  Dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs because it is constantly adjusting to the changes that the systems encounter
• Flowers are not a structure for gas exchange in plants
• The tracheal system of an insect is not closely ready associated with blood supply
• Holding your breath


  Rising carbon dioxide and gas exchanges in the blood first leads to the urge to breathe
• Ventilation


  Process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with the gas-exchange surface
• Pneumonia


  Disease brought about by infection and involves inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs
• Osmoconformers


  Types of animals that allow the osmolarity of their body fluids to match that of the environment
• Osmosis


  Movement of water from a region of higher osmolarity to a region of lower osmolarity across a selectively permeable membrane
• Osmoregulation


  Regulation of body fluids, which process is primarily involved in the control and maintenance of water and ion balance in the body
• Marine invertebrates consume little or no energy in maintaining water balance
• Uric acid


  Form of nitrogen waste excreted by birds and insects, relatively non-toxic, excreted as a semi-solid paste
• Isotonic Cell


  Has an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
• All are potential outcomes of failure of homeostasis
• Cell placed in a solution with higher salt concentration


  Tends to make the membrane shrivel up due to loss of water into the hypertonic "high salt" environment
• Fertilization of egg


  23 chromosomes from the sperm pair with 23 chromosomes in the egg, forming a 46-chromosome cell
• Vertebrate stomach


  • Cell that secretes hydrochloric acid
  • Cell that secretes the protease enzyme pepsin
  • Saclike organ that evolved to store food
• Carbohydrates start in the mouth and resume in the small intestine
• Large intestine helps to further digest food coming from the stomach
• Vitamin C


  Important because it keeps the immune system healthy
• Correct order of food processing in the digestive system


  1. Ingestion

  2. Digestion

  3. Absorption

  4. Elimination